Subsurface drip irrigation of corn in the United States Mid-South

Although rainfall in the United States Mid-South is sufficient to produce corn (Zea mays L.) without irrigation in most years, timely irrigation has been shown to increase yields. The recent interest in ethanol fuels is expected to lead to increases in US corn production, and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is one possible way to increase application efficiency and thereby reduce water use. The objective of this study was to determine the response of SDI-irrigated corn produced in the US Mid-South. Field studies were conducted at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center at Keiser during the 2002-2004 growing seasons. The soil was mixed, with areas of fine sandy loam, loamy sand, and silty clay. SDI tubing was placed under every row at a depth of approximately 30 cm. Three irrigation levels were compared, with irrigation replacing 100% and 60% of estimated daily water use and no irrigations. The split plot treatment was hybrid, with three hybrids of different relative maturities. Although the 3-year means indicated significantly lower yields for a nonirrigated treatment, no significant differences were observed among the treatments in 2003 or 2004. A large difference was observed in 2002, the year with the least rainfall during the study period, but no difference was detected between the two irrigated treatments in any year. The treatment with the lower water application had the higher irrigation water use efficiency. Although the results of this study suggested that replacing 60% of the estimated daily evapotranspiration with SDI is sufficient for maximum corn yields, additional observations will be needed to determine whether corn production with SDI is feasible in the region and to develop recommendations for farmers choosing to adopt the method. Improved weather forecasting and crop coefficient functions developed specifically for the region should also contribute to more efficient irrigation management.     

基于双目立体视觉的苗期玉米株形测

将田间正常生长的待测玉米植株带土移至测定台上,标定双目立体视觉系统,提取、分割叶片图像,以Douglas-Peucker多边形法逼近叶片边缘,去除两幅对应图像中没有匹配关系的多边形顶点,结合投影矩阵计算出叶片边缘点的三维坐标.分别投影叶片边缘点到植株平面和植株水平平面,对投影的离散点分段二次拟合、Cardinal样条插值,得到代表叶片形状的曲线,计算出叶长、叶片着生高度、茎叶夹角、叶片方位角等株形指标.测量实验表明,本方法快速、准确、自动化程度高,能够满足苗期玉米株形测量的要求.     

近红外玉米品种鉴别系统预处理和波长选择方

以7个品种玉米籽粒的鉴别系统为研究对象,对比研究了6种预处理方法和波长选择对模型鉴别能力的影响.结果表明,在被比较的6种预处理方法中,一阶导数方法能够使模型有更好的鉴别性能.使用一阶导数预处理和全光谱区的模型平均正确识别率和正确拒识率最高,分别为98.6%和98%,有5个品种的模型的正确识别率和正确拒识率都达到了100%.波长选择对一阶导数模型没有明显作用,但能使标准正态变量变换和矢量归一化模型鉴别准确度得到较大提高.     

青贮玉米收获机打捆装置自动控制系统设

青贮玉米收获机可在玉米摘穗的同时,将切碎的秸秆打成圆捆,以便于青贮.为提高作业效率、简化机手操作流程,设计了一套喂料与送绳自动控制系统,该系统由传感检测元件、控制电路及执行机构3部分组成.采用四路换向开关作为传感检测元件,并结合RS去抖电路,可有效提高控制系统工作可靠性.执行元件为两电磁离合器,接收控制电路的输出信号,完成对喂料和送绳过程的实时控制.试验表明:该系统工作安全、可靠,料捆成捆率达到1009%;与手动控制方式相比,有效强化了料捆密度控制的准确性,使机具的作业效率提高20%.     

玉米大斑病抗性基因SNP基因芯片分析

利用SNP基因芯片(56 110个SNP)对3对玉米大斑病Ht3近等基因系进行检测分析。借助生物信息学和比较基因组学方法,确定了29个相关数量抗性候选基因,均分布于2、3、7、9号染色体;14个候选基因与各类酶活性、能源合成、金属离子、DNA合成修饰、抗逆等功能相关。其中,GRMZM2G058197位于7号染色体bin7.04区域166087520-166091392,与玉米大斑病质量抗性基因Ht3基因位置相吻合。     

基于排水法测量玉米子粒体积的方法研究

根据“排水法”的原理,设计一种简易体积测量器,在装满已知密度溶液的容器中加入玉米子粒,称取排出液体的质量,可换算成子粒体积。该方法准确可靠,操作方便,效率高。结果表明,用测量器测得的钢珠体积与钢珠真实体积之间相对误差较小,能够满足测量所需要的准确度,测量器测量的钢珠体积和其真实体积的相关系数达到0.999 1。利用24份体积有差异的玉米杂交种子粒各30粒进一步验证,简易体积测量器和量筒分别测得的每份玉米子粒体积接近,相对误差较小,相关系数达到0.998 1。新设计的子粒体积测量方法,不仅用于玉米子粒体积的测量,也可用于其他作物子粒体积的测量。     

玉米ZmCPB1基因的克隆、表达及生物信息学分析

从玉米中克隆ZmCPB1基因的cDNA序列,全长1 446 bp,编码481个氨基酸,蛋白质理论分子量为54.05 KD,等电点为8.59。生物信息学分析表明,ZmCPB1蛋白N端有跨膜结构,是跨膜蛋白。蛋白质二级结构含有48.44%的α-螺旋、4.99%的β-转角、10.60%的延伸链以及35.97%的无规则卷曲,该蛋白定位于内质网中。序列比对结果显示,ZmCPB1蛋白含有与子粒发育相关的保守区VKFVHRKALK。系统进化树分析表明,该蛋白与高粱、谷子、水稻和大麦的同源蛋白亲缘关系最近,同属一个亚支。实时荧光定量PCR分析ZmCPB1基因的表达模式,结果表明,ZmCPB1基因在3叶期的根、茎、叶以及雄穗和苞叶中表达量较低,在雌穗中的表达量较高。在玉米子粒发育的不同时期,ZmCPB1基因的表达量呈现一定的规律变化,在授粉后0～10 d,表达量逐渐达到最高峰,之后开始下降,在授粉15 d后降到较低水平。初步判断ZmCPB1基因与玉米子粒早中期发育有关。     

长治地区玉米丝黑穗病发生原因与防治对策

2001年玉米丝黑穗病在山西省长治地区发生严重,造成发病面积约2 000hm²,玉米产量损失严重.本文对该病发生概况、症状、发生原因进行了叙述,结合当地调查结果,提出了防治对策。     

栽培稻种间近等基因系杂种育性研究

 为了研究亚洲栽培稻与非洲栽培稻种间杂种不育的遗传基础，以亚洲栽培稻品种WAB56-104为测验种与来自种间回交组合WAB56-104/CG14//WAB56-104///WAB56-104的14个种间近等基因系测交，对亲本及杂种的花粉及小穗育性研究表明，这14个近等基因系带有来自非洲栽培稻品种CG14的3个互不等位的配子消除位点和2个互不等位的花粉不育基因位点, 其中至少有2个配子消除位点未曾报道过。     

从农大108和郑单958中得到的玉米育种启示

通过分析玉米优良品种农大108和郑单958的特征特性,提出育种中可以借鉴的策略,从而提高育种效率。通过拓宽种质基础,注重对抗倒性选择,培育耐密性好和生育特性适应广的品种,兼顾对穗部性状选择,制种技术简单并且高产,从而得到大面积推广应用。