天津城市绿地土壤水分特征曲线模型及参数确定

为定量评估天津城市绿地土壤水分特征曲线模型的适应性,运用张力计法获得绿地土壤水分特征曲线,选取Brooks-Corey模型、Gardner模型、Campbell模型、Van Genuchten模型、Gardner-Russo模型拟合土壤水分特征曲线,利用改进的粒子群算法确定模型参数,使用剩余平方和对模型进行评价。结果表明:Van Genuchten模型较常用的Gardner模型更好地描述天津城市绿地土壤水分特征曲线,Gardner-Russo模型模拟效果最差。通过仿真实验证明改进的粒子群算法计算土壤水分特征曲线模型参数的精度优于非单纯形法、阻尼最小二乘法、混合遗传算法以及随机粒子群算法。     

Back Ground Segmentation of Cucumber Target Based on DSP

In order to realize automatic and accurate grading of cucumber, the first thing is to make sure the high accuracy and integrity in cucumber shape segmentation. As the core processor of this dissertation, DSP TMS320DM6437 acquired and processed digital image, it solved the common shadowing problem associated with the natural light. Ultimately, the background subtraction was proposed. Compared with the result of above-mentioned image data processing, the error rate of classic background subtraction method was often high. The result of optimization showed that the improved background subtraction method worked well, and it could meet an accurate segmentation of the fruit in comparison with the original methods.     

An approach to the evaluation and management of natural carbon sinks: From plant species to urban green systems

The maintenance and improvement of current natural carbon sinks, as well as the creation of others, are presently considered among the main strategies by which to address global climate change, and are pursued in parallel to the implementation of policies of carbon emission reduction. To date, this approach has been applied mainly to forest areas, obtaining relevant results that help to identify areas of weakness in the strategy and to design appropriate management measures. Nevertheless, under the current situation, and at territorial level, urban areas and infrastructures, in which urban green systems play a significant role, present opportunities for contributing towards carbon sink potential. Various studies conducted by our research group have emphasized the role of urban green systems as natural carbon sinks, including research conducted under initiatives from European authorities (“Climeport project/Mediterranean Ports’ Contribution to Climate Change”), regional government (Andalusian Strategy against Global Climate Change) and Andalusian universities (Andalusian University Rectors Climate Change Pact). Through these projects, we have assessed entire systems, identifying the species of urban trees and shrubs with the greatest sink potential under different climate scenarios, proposing garden management schemes, and providing a basis for the creation, design, management and improvement of natural carbon sinks in the cities.     

气温及水肥管理方式对中稻田甲烷排放的影响

 采用计算机控制的全自动气相色谱监测系统，对中稻田4个处理进行了130个日夜的甲烷排放量的监测，各处理中以无机肥＋绿肥＋长期淹灌处理的甲烷排放通量最高，为464.0 mg/m²·d，最低的为无机肥＋绿肥＋间歇灌溉处理，只有180.5 mg/m²·d。水稻生长前半期是甲烷排放高峰期，除长期淹灌的处理外，其它处理在移栽后65 d的排放量约占总排放量的77%~93%。甲烷排放量与气温呈正相关。搁田可明显减少甲烷的排放量。     

低碳减排对促进绿色农业农机的贡献和意义

近年来,由于全球经济突飞发展,碳过量排放引起温室效应,造成全球气候变暖,保护环境已成为时代主旋律,为此,沛县农机部门把握时代机遇,积极推进低碳减排,促进绿色农机化作业。     

Molybdenum status and critical limit in the soil for green gram (Vigna radiata) growing in Madurai and Sivagangai districts of Tamil Nadu,India

Abstract

The decay of rice residue was investigated after incubation periods of from 1 to 24 months at 30°C under both flooded and upland soil conditions. Tops and roots of rice plants were cut into about 10-mm length, and separately incorporated in soil which had been passed through a 0.5-mm sieve. Plant debris were fractionated physically according to their sizes and divided into five groups (>4 mm, 4-2 mm, 2-1 mm, 1-0.5 mm, and 0.5-0.25 mm).

Carbon loss from the soils amended with rice residues and decrease in the weight of total plant debris proceeded at a rapid speed in the early periods (around 4 months) and then at a slow speed in the subsequent periods under both flooded and uplana soil conditions. The distribution of the plant debris in the decomposition processes differed under flooded and upland conditions. Under flooded conditions, 2–4 mm-sized plant debris were retained for a long period with slow transformation into the smaller fractions. In contrast, under upland conditions, change of plant debris from large to small size fractions proceeded gradually. This continuous change could be attributed to the high decomposing activities of fungi under upland conditions.     

Macrophomina phaseolina–host interface: Insights into an emerging dry root rot pathogen of mungbean and urdbean,and its mitigation strategies

The necrotrophic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina is an important pathogen of many crops, such as strawberry, maize, sorghum, potato, soybean, chickpea, and pigeon pea, and causes multiple diseases throughout the world. The microsclerotia, which are the source of primary inoculum, play an important role in the survival and spread of M. phaseolina, as well as disease initiation and development. South Asia has unique characteristics relative to countries with temperate climates, that is, warm temperature, high humidity, and reduced rainfall that influence the interaction between M. phaseolina and its hosts. This review discusses the distribution pattern, pathogen background, pathogenic and genetic variability, and the mitigation strategies applied worldwide to reduce the impact of diseases caused by M. phaseolina with a focus on dry root rot of mungbean and urdbean in South Asia. Dry root rot, caused by M. phaseolina, is an emerging disease of mungbean and urdbean in South Asia. Dry root rot research in South Asia has focused mostly on adopting disease mitigation strategies evolved in tropical to temperate climates such as cultural practices, chemical control, genetic resistance, and biological control. Although the disease is prevalent in most of South Asia, there have been very few studies on M. phaseolina and its host–parasite interaction. Therefore, additional research is required in this domain, which could result in improved understanding and management of M. phaseolina in the face of present and future climate extremes.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

基于可持续发展减缓城市热岛效应的实验研究

提出了基于对城市低冲击开发影响(low impact development,LID)下的可持续发展策略思想,通过对不同路面(花岗岩路面、水泥路面、透水路面及草坪地面)和传统平屋顶与生态屋顶实地进行的地表温度监测对比实验,定量地阐述了透水路面、草坪地面及生态屋顶LID措施在缓解城市“热岛效应”方面的效能.结果表明,透水路面与草坪地面对地表降温较明显,生态屋顶尤其是种植灌木的屋顶相对传统平屋顶降温显著.一天中随着时间的推移,所有下垫面地表温度呈现由低到高,再由高到底的抛物线趋势,地表最高温度均出现在中午12点.平屋顶与花岗岩路面的升温速率最高,草坪地面、透水路面与生态屋顶升温速率较低.     

绿色水稻“鱼除草”试验简报

稻田养鱼是集高产、高效及生态安全为一体的综合配套技术,其在虎林镇农业中心经过多年试验示范,现已取得显著效果。通过试验,掌握了包括整田、消毒及安全防范等一系列相关技术,解决了AA级纯天然绿色水稻杂草防除问题,使鱼、稻实现双增收,为农业增效、农民增收提供了科学依据和技术支撑。