Occurrence of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge and their Behaviour in Soils and Plants. Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants -  Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants. Background, Aim and Scope   Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants. Materials and Methods: In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants. In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural, urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge samples were developed and applied. Results: The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated, similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water. Discussion: PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter reached higher levels compared to the summer. Conclusions: The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge. Recommendations and Perspectives: PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use. Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives.     

pH对砖红壤和黄棕壤Cu~(2+)吸附与解吸的影响

对砖红壤和黄棕壤在不同浓度、不同pH下吸附和解吸Cu2+进行了测定。结果表明, 2种土壤Cu2+吸附量均随平衡液中Cu2+浓度增加而增大,两者关系较好地符合Langmuir吸附方程。Cu2+吸附量随pH升高而增加,Cu2+分配系数的对数与pH呈极显著的线性正相关,吸附一个Cu2+所释放H+的平均数砖红壤(1. 19)大于黄棕壤(1. 01)。可解吸Cu2+的数量随pH升高和吸附Cu2+的数量增加而增加,在pH4~6下,黄棕壤吸附Cu2+及可解吸Cu2+的比例(平均为10. 5% )大于砖红壤(平均为3. 1% )。由此认为, 2种土壤吸附Cu2+虽以专性吸附为主,但砖红壤的表面吸附点位较少,专性吸附点位的比例较高,对Cu2+的亲和性或专性吸附性大于黄棕壤。     

几种有机酸对恒电荷和可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响

以恒电荷土壤(黄褐土和黄棕壤)和可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)为供试材料,研究了乙酸、草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤吸附重金属铜离子(Cu2 )的影响。结果表明,在相同酒石酸浓度下,土壤对酒石酸的吸附量依次为黄棕壤(2 1 8mmolkg-1) >红壤(15 4mmolkg-1) >砖红壤(9 5mmolkg-1) ,土壤吸附有机酸后负电荷量增加,相同条件下增幅为砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤;无有机酸配体时,供试土壤对Cu2 的吸附量为黄褐土>黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤;加入有机酸时,随有机酸浓度增高,土壤对Cu2 的吸附一般表现为“峰”形曲线,峰所对应的有机酸浓度因有机酸类型而异,且随土壤可变电荷性质增强而增高;土壤吸附有机酸后对Cu2 的次级吸附不同于有机酸与铜共存时的竞争吸附,且因土壤性质表现迥异。这些结果意味着在存在有机酸配体的根际环境中,恒电荷土壤与可变电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附明显不同,并将影响重金属离子在根际的转化与有效性     

热固性树脂包膜控释肥料肥效期的快速预测方法

采用静水溶出率的方法,在25℃、40℃、60℃7、0℃、80℃和100℃条件下,探讨了控释肥料中养分累积释放率与温度的变化规律,以期建立控释肥料肥效期或养分释放期的快速预测方法。结果表明,从低温到高温的各种温度处理下,Scotts公司的Osmocote热固性树脂包膜控释肥料养分累积释放曲线都呈二次曲线,相关指数R2均大于0.996。温度与包膜控释肥料肥效期间呈极显著的负相关,并符合一元二次方程,相关指数R2大于0.993。在高温下培养3或8.h建立的预测预报回归方程,可以快速而准确地预测预报包膜控释肥料在常温下(25℃)的肥效期,预测值与实测值只相差2.4.d;而习惯上的微分溶出率法却相差29～42.d。表明用高温下的肥效期预测预报回归法可以在数小时内准确、迅速地预测控释肥料的肥效期。同时该方法可作为控释肥料在线生产质量控制和市场上控释肥料质量检验的候选方法。     

柚核中柠檬苦素纯化工艺的研究

以乙醇为提取溶剂,采用超声波辅助提取柚核中柠檬苦素,通过正交试验对提取工艺进行优化,并采用大孔吸附树脂纯化柠檬苦素。最佳提取条件为:料液比1∶10,超声时间30min,乙醇体积分数70%,超声提取2次。4020型大孔树脂分离纯化提取液的最佳工艺条件为:吸附流速1mL/min,体积分数70%的乙醇洗脱,解吸流速0.7mL/min,纯化后得到柠檬苦素的质量分数达83.77%。该工艺分离纯化效果好,成本低。     

啤酒花CO_2萃余物中总黄酮的提取纯化工艺研究

研究了啤酒花CO2萃余物中总黄酮的提取纯化工艺。采用单因素试验确定乙醇体积分数、提取时间、提取温度和料液比对提取效果的影响;通过正交试验,得到最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数为60%,料液比为1∶30,温度为70℃,提取时间为90 min,在该提取条件下总黄酮质量分数为62.7 mg/g;经饱和的水正丁醇溶液萃取,可得到纯度为20.3%的黄酮提取物;经聚酰胺树脂分离纯化,可得到总黄酮纯度为62.2%的提取物。     

气吸式排种器的吸附性能分析与试验研究

以分子技术自动化育种设备的气吸式排种器为对象,使用ANSYS Workbench软件,运用正交试验原理对影响吸嘴吸附力的真空度、吸嘴孔径、入口锥角、种子与吸嘴距离4个因素进行仿真试验研究。根据数据统计结果分析了3种出气口位置对各吸嘴吸附力的影响,并在试验样机上对结果进行验证。结果表明:影响因素从主到次为种子与吸嘴距离、真空度、吸嘴孔径、入口锥角;种子与吸嘴的距离为主要影响因素,其他3个因素影响并不显著;出气口的3种布置方式中,当出气口距汇流管两端距离为170mm时,各吸嘴吸附力分布均匀且平均值最大。     

阴离子交换树脂对米糠植酸的吸附解吸性能

通过静态和动态试验研究了6种阴离子交换树脂对植酸的吸附与解吸性能.结果表明,D201树脂对植酸的吸附交换作用较好,且在pH值为2.2时吸附能力最强,静态吸附量达到94.54 mg/g,1.5 mol/L的NaOH溶液利于植酸解吸;Freundlich吸附等温方程可以较好地描述D201树脂对植酸的等温吸附,表明吸附在常温下进行即可;D201树脂对植酸的吸附过程符合Lagergren一级速率方程,表观吸附速率常数k与植酸起始植酸浓度呈负相关关系,与温度呈正相关关系.在D201树脂对植酸的动态吸附与解吸过程中,层析柱管径、上样液浓度、上样液流速和洗脱剂流速对吸附与解吸效果影响较大.     

NaOH改性稻秆对亚甲基蓝染料吸附性能的研究

为解决农村稻秆的资源化利用问题,将稻秆用NaOH改性做吸附剂处理亚甲基蓝染料废水;考察pH值、吸附剂投加量、染料浓度和温度对染料吸附性能的影响;分析改性稻秆对亚甲基蓝染料的吸附动力学过程。研究结果表明,亚甲基蓝浓度为150mg/L,pH值为12、吸附剂投加量为4g/L时,改性稻秆对亚甲基蓝染料有很好的去除效果,染料的吸附率达到98.1%;改性稻秆对亚甲基蓝染料的吸附符合Freundlich等温模型,最大吸附量为52.910mg/g,升高温度能够增加吸附剂对亚甲基蓝染料的吸附效果;改性稻秆吸附亚甲基蓝是一个快速吸附过程,符合伪二级吸附动力学方程。     

竹炭对生物油模型组分的吸附特性试验

以竹子为前躯体热解制得竹炭,选取糠醛、乙酸、苯酚、葡萄糖为生物油模型化合物,研究竹炭对生物油模型组成各单组分的静态吸附特性及双、四组分混合下的竞争吸附行为。结果表明：竹炭对不同组分的吸附特性存在较大差异;单组分吸附24h,竹炭对糠醛的吸附量最大,乙酸次之,对葡萄糖的吸附量最小;吸附平衡时,竹炭对苯酚的吸附量将超过乙酸;糠醛-葡萄糖双组分竞争下,竹炭对糠醛显示出强烈的选择性吸附特征;4种组分竞争下,各组分吸附量相对单组分均有所下降,其中乙酸降幅最大,且乙酸等物质在吸附过程中出现浓度突变现象,这可能是因为吸附性能较好的糠醛将已经吸附的乙酸从竹炭上置换下来;在选用的所有试验工况下,竹炭对葡萄糖均表现出低的吸附态势。