高温液态水/蒸汽渗透—酶法处理麦草秸秆的工艺研究

研究了高压反应釜内用高温液态水/蒸汽渗透预处理麦草秸秆的工艺,在麦秸秆底物含量为6%,反应时间为25min,反应温度为160℃,稀硫酸体积分数为0.5%的条件下,能得到较大的纤维素转化率。将预处理后的麦秸滤渣,利用康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningii)固态发酵产生的纤维素酶进行酶水解实验,能得到较大的还原糖得率。     

Dynamic change of mineral nutrient content in different plant organs during the grain filling stage in maize grown under contrasting nitrogen supply

The introduction of new hybrids and integrated crop-soil management has been causing maize grain yield to increase. However, less attention has been paid on the nutrient concentration of the grain; this aspect is of great importance to supplying calories and nutrients in the diets of both humans and animals worldwide. Increasing the retranslocation of nutrients from vegetative organs to grain can effectively increase the nutrient concentration of grain and general nutrient use efficiency. The present study involved monitoring the dynamic change of macro- and micronutrients in different organs of maize during the grain filling stage. In addition, the mobility of different elements and their contribution to grain nutrient content were evaluated in a 2-year experiment under low (LN, no N supplied) and high N (HN, 180 kg N ha⁻¹) supply. Under HN supply, the net remobilization efficiency (RE) of the vegetative organs as a whole (calculated as nutrient remobilization amount divided by nutrient content at silking) of N, P, K, Mn, and Zn were 44%, 60%, 13%, 15%, and 25%, respectively. The other nutrients (Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B) showed a net accumulation in the vegetative organs as a whole during the grain filling stage. Among the different organs, N, P, and Zn were remobilized more from the leaves (RE of 44%, 51% and 43%, respectively) and the stalks (including leaf sheaths and tassels) (RE of 48%, 71% and 43%, respectively). K was mainly remobilized from the leaves with RE of 51%. Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cu were mostly remobilized from the stalks with the RE of 23%, 9%, 10%, 42%, and 28%, respectively. However, most of the remobilized Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were translocated to the husk and cob, which seemingly served as the buffer sink for these nutrients. The REs of all the nutrients except for P, K, and Zn were vulnerable to variations in conditions annually and were reduced when the grain yield and harvest index were lower in 2014 compared with 2013. Under LN stress, the RE was reduced in P and Zn in 2013, increased in Cu and unchanged in other nutrients. The concentration of these nutrients in the grain was either unchanged (P, K, Ca, Zn, and B) or decreased (N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu). It is concluded that grain N, P, K, Mn, and Zn, but not Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B concentration, can be improved by increasing their remobilization from vegetative organs. However, enhancing the senescence of maize plant via LN stress seems unable to increase grain mineral nutrient concentration. Genetic improvement aiming to increase nutrient remobilization should take into account the organ-specific remobilization pattern of the target nutrient.     

苗期耐低氮基因型苦荞的筛选及其评价指标

土壤缺氮是造成我国黄土高原冷凉地区农业低产的主要原因。为了筛选耐低氮苦荞基因型及适宜鉴定指标,采用苗期水培方式,测定9个不同基因型苦荞在不同氮水平下的农艺性状、生理特性及植株氮素利用等指标,采用隶属函数法计算各指标耐低氮指数,通过主成分分析与聚类分析评价各基因型苦荞综合耐低氮能力。结果表明,低氮胁迫下,苦荞地上部生长受抑制程度大于根系,株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、根系体积、根系表面积及根系平均直径均呈下降趋势,主根长和根冠比呈上升趋势;根系活力、根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性及可溶性蛋白含量有所下降,而根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖及游离脯氨酸含量有所升高;叶片叶绿素含量、Fm和Fv/Fm降低,而Fo升高;植株全氮含量及氮积累量降低,而由于植株氮积累量降幅明显大于生物量降幅,导致氮利用效率显著升高。将25个单项指标转化为4个相互独立的综合指标(累计贡献率达87.44%),并将9个苦荞基因型划分为耐低氮型、中间型和不耐低氮型。为了预测苦荞基因型的耐低氮能力,将D值作因变量,各指标耐低氮指数作自变量进行逐步回归分析,建立最优回归方程,筛选出株高、茎粗、叶面积、根冠比、叶绿素含量、Fm、根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及氮利用效率8项对苦荞耐低氮能力有显著影响的指标,并且9个苦荞基因型的苗期耐低氮能力预测值Y与D值显著相关(R2=0.998,P0.01),表明这8个指标可用于耐低氮苦荞基因型的快速鉴定。     

棉花花铃期低温对叶片PSI和PSII光抑制的影响

选用陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)品种新陆早45号,在室外盆栽至开花结铃期后,移至人工气候室,模拟新疆棉花花铃期易出现的低温逆境条件,设置处理T(16℃/10℃,昼/夜),以常温(30℃/18℃,昼/夜)处理作为对照,采用叶绿素荧光和P700同步测定技术,研究低温对棉花花铃期叶片光合机构PSII能量分配、PSI氧化还原状态及环式电子传递流的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,低温处理显著降低了棉花叶片PSII光适应状态下最大光化学量子产量(F_v'/F_m')、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和PSII有效光化学量子产量[Y(II)],并使PSII非调节性能量耗散[Y(NO)]和调节性能量耗散[Y(NPQ)]量子产量显著升高,诱导PSII发生光抑制。低温引起棉花叶片光合机构PSI受体侧限制[Y(NA)]显著下降和供体侧限制[Y(ND)]显著升高,但未引起有效的PSI复合体含量(P_m)显著降低,表明与PSII相比,棉花叶片PSI对低温不敏感。此外,低温引起环式电子传递量子产量[Y(CEF)]以及与PSII实际量子产量比率的[Y(CEF)/Y(II)]显著升高,进一步表明在低温下,光破坏防御机制中环式电子传递流对棉花PSI、PSII起着重要的保护作用,是主要的光破坏防御机制。非光化学热耗散(NPQ)和调节性非光化学热耗散[Y(NPQ)]与[Y(CEF)]具有显著的正相关关系,表明低温引起棉花花铃期叶片PSII反应中心过度关闭产生过剩的激发能,造成了PSII可逆的光抑制,环式电子传递流的响应及较高的调节性能量耗散共同保护了棉花叶片PSI和PSII免受光抑制的损伤,这可能是棉花叶片PSI对低温不敏感的重要原因。     

高喷灌浆在东湖水库坝基防渗处理中的应用

文章以高喷灌浆在东湖水库坝基防渗处理中的应用为例,介绍了高喷灌浆的施工工艺,施工方法以及施工质量的控制,对同类工程有一定借鉴和启发作用.     

高压水射流破碎岩石数值模拟

针对高压水射流破碎岩石的特性，结合多物质流固耦合算法与ALE(任意拉格朗日欧拉)算法，利用显示动力学有限元程序对该复杂过程进行数值模拟，得出岩石破碎过程中的流体与固体的相互作用及岩石的破碎动态扩展过程并对连续射流冲击与脉冲射流冲击对岩石的切割效果进行对比。     

液体射流泵空化噪声与振动试验

针对液体射流泵的空化噪声与振动进行了试验研究;运用B＆K加速度仪和水听器对射流泵各部位在不同工况下的空化噪声与振动进行了测量。结果表明：（1）射流泵空化噪声以单极子声源为主,随着流速和紊流度的增大,偶极子作用逐渐增大;（2）射流泵空化噪声与振动随空化程度加剧而更强烈,最强烈处也从喉管向扩散管转移;（3）射流泵面积比越小,达到临界空化前噪声频谱波动越强,临界空化之后噪声谱级趋于平稳,随频率增加而递减;（4）初生空化出现前后噪声在整个频域范围内都有一个较大的跃升,约5-10 dB,此跃升可作为判断初生空化的参考方法;（5）泵体3个正交方向振动并不相同,径向振动较轴向更为明显。     

射流自吸喷灌泵喷嘴系数的理论推导与试验

为了研究射流式自吸喷灌泵射流喷嘴的内特性,利用流体力学基本原理,对射流喷嘴阻力系数、流量系数进行了理论推导.设计了4种不同尺寸的射流喷嘴,对4种喷嘴的阻力系数、流量系数进行了理论计算,得到了不同出口直径下各系数的变化规律.对分别安装4种射流喷嘴的喷灌泵进行了自吸性能的试验.结合试验结果和各系数的变化规律,分析了射流喷嘴阻力系数和流量系数对射流式自吸喷灌泵自吸性能的影响.结果表明,随着喷嘴出口直径的增大,阻力系数减小,流量系数增大,自吸时间缩短,但达到一定程度后,卷吸作用减弱,自吸性能变差.     

过热蒸汽膨化干燥香蕉脆片品质研究

以香蕉为原料,研究添加柠檬酸护色抑制香蕉片酶促褐变,以及热风干燥对护色香蕉片营养损失及褐变的影响。采用均匀试验设计法研究膨化条件对香蕉脆片剪切强度的影响,并优化工艺条件。结果表明,采用0.3%柠檬酸溶液护色20min,可有效抑制香蕉片酶促褐变;干燥过程中香蕉片营养成分的损失及色泽的劣化主要发生在降速干燥阶段。以70℃热风预干燥至干基含水率0.3630,采用156℃过热蒸汽膨化并滞留60s后,再以70℃热风干燥而成的香蕉脆片营养损失小、褐变轻、脆性好。     

稻谷的滚筒式气体射流冲击干燥实验研究

将滚筒式气体射流冲击干燥机应用于稻谷干燥,主要研究风温、风速及滚筒转速对稻谷干燥速率、发芽率和爆腰率的影响。结果表明:稻谷的滚筒式气体射流冲击干燥属于降速干燥,且风温对干燥速率、发芽率和爆腰率的影响显著,风速对发芽率影响明显,滚筒转速对干燥速率和干燥后稻谷的品质影响不显著。研究给出了合理的干燥工艺参数:稻谷的滚筒式气体射流冲击干燥较为合理的风温为60℃,风速为23m/s,滚筒转速为3. 5r/min。本研究为稻谷快速、优质干燥提供了一种新型的技术与装置支持。