斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥微生物群落结构特征及其影响因素

微生物群落在水产养殖环境中起着重要作用,深入了解微生物群落组成及其构建机制对了解池塘生态功能具有重要意义。本研究通过高通量测序技术研究斑点叉尾鮰（）养殖池塘底泥中细菌群落机构特征,并分析了细菌群落的主要影响因素。结果显示,斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥细菌群落结构呈现出季节性变化,冬春季样品相似性较高。斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥优势菌群主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）,与池塘水体细菌群落间有明显的差别。线性判别分析显示,冬、春和秋季的特异性优势菌群较为丰富,冬季和春季分布较为集中,分别集中于浮霉菌、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门,秋季特异性优势菌群分布特别分散,而夏季优势细菌类群最少,只有绿弯菌门厌氧绳菌属1个属具有显著优势。环境因子中,透明度和总溶解性悬浮物与斑点叉尾鮰养殖池塘底泥细菌群落结构有显著相关（<0.05）,对细菌群落结构的影响也最大。本研究旨为斑点叉尾鮰池塘微生物群落的变化和调控提供借鉴。     

Changes in epidemiological patterns of sea lice infestation on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland between 1996 and 2006

Analyses of a unique database containing sea lice records over an 11 year period provide evidence of changing infestation patterns in Scotland. The data, collected from more than 50 commercial Atlantic salmon farms, indicate that both species of sea lice commonly found in Scotland, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, have declined on farms over the past decade. Reductions for both species have been particularly marked since 2001 when more effective veterinary medicines became available. Treatment data were also available in the database and these show a growing trend towards the use of the in-feed medication emamectin benzoate (Slice), particularly in the first year of the salmon production cycle. However, this trend towards single product use has not been sustained in 2006, the latest year for which data are available. There is some evidence of region to region variation within Scotland with the Western Isles experiencing higher levels of infestation. However, compared to the levels observed between 1996 and 2000, all regions have benefited from reduced lice infestation, with the overall pattern showing a particular reduction in the second and third quarters of the second year of production.     

Mutualism between euryhaline tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron heudelotii and Chlorella sp.—Implications for nano-algal production in warmwater phytoplankton-based recirculating systems

The West-African euryhaline tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron heudelotii shift from visually feeding on zooplankton when juveniles to mostly filter feeding on phytoplankton when adults. When reared using an appropriate ration in intensive aquaculture systems, S. m. heudelotii also consume algal-based detritus, and contribute to sediment mineralization, clean up their environment, and ultimately stimulate and sustain algal growth. We analysed such practical advantages for phytoplankton-based recirculating systems, using S. m. heudelotii and Chlorella sp. as biological material originating from the prototype of such a system operated in Senegal. We performed a 24-h factorial design experiment in 36 tubs, cross-classifying three levels of S. m. heudelotii (fishless control, unfed fish, and fed fish) with four levels of Chlorella initial density.Chlorella overall mean density increased significantly from fishless, to unfed fish, and fed fish treatments, and with Chlorella initial density. S. m. heudelotii did not alter nitrogen nor phosphorus concentrations, only affected by algal initial densities. Most ammonia excreted by fish was probably uptaken by Chlorella. Bacteria-mediated diurnal nitrification was possibly an alternative ammonium loss mechanism at highest oxygen concentrations. Algae were not limited by nitrogen or phosphorus but most likely by low dissolved organic carbon availability. Chlorella differential responses with fed vs. unfed Sarotherodon suggest that CO₂ supplied by heterotrophic S. m. heudelotii respiration played a key role. Observed Chlorella growth rates were similar to the highest rates obtained in algal mass cultures, enriched with CO₂, nitrate and phosphate, under artificial lighting.Our results suggest the existence of a Sarotherodon-Chlorella mutualism in our systems, where S. m. heudelotii provide CO₂, the major limiting factor of Chlorella growth, whereas Chlorella oxygenate and detoxify the water media from ammonia, promoting S. m. heudelotii production. This mutualism could be used to optimize photosynthetic suspended-growth aquaculture systems, particularly in the Tropics where light is abundant and temperature is continuously high.     

Dynamical analysis of net cage structures for marine aquaculture: Numerical simulation and model testing

A numerical model for analyzing dynamic properties of a net-cage system exposed in the open sea is proposed. The model is based on a lumped-mass method. In this model, the mooring lines are divided into linear elements and the net cage divided into several plane surface elements. The interconnected points or corners are called nodes or lumped-mass centers. The external force is calculated on each element and then equally distributed to its nodes. By adding the contributed forces from the neighboring elements, a system of motion equations for nodes is formed. The volume reduction coefficient of a net cage is estimated by the ratio of minimum volume of net cage during fluid and structure interaction to the original volume. In general, the numerical results are in good agreements with the experimental data. However, the results also show that if the Reynolds number is lower than the suggested range of 1400–1800, the numerical model may underestimate the environmental forces on a net-cage system.     

Effects of dietary phosphorus level on non-faecal phosphorus excretion from yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel) fed purified and practical diets

Non-faecal phosphorus (P) was determined for large yellowtail to estimate a minimum available P requirement (Experiment  1) and to justify inorganic P supplementation in a fish meal-based diet (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, purified diets with incremental P concentrations were fed to yellowtail (mean weight 917 g) at a feeding rate of 1.5% of body weight. The peaks of non-faecal P excretion appeared 5–6 h after feeding in fish fed more than 4.5 g available P kg⁻¹ dry diet. Broken-line analysis indicated that the minimum available P requirement was 4.4 g kg⁻¹ dry diet. In Experiment 2, a purified diet (PR) containing 6.5 g available P kg⁻¹ and a fish meal-based diet with (F1) and without (F0) additional phosphorus were fed to yellowtail (mean weight 1.1 kg) at 1.5% (PR) and 2% (F0 and F1) feeding rates respectively. There was no significant difference in P excretion between fish fed the F0 (5.5 g soluble P kg⁻¹ dry diet) and the PR diet. However, significantly higher (34.5%) amounts of non-faecal P excretions (7.4 g soluble P kg⁻¹ dry diet) were found in fish fed F1 compared with the F0 diet. This suggested that there was an excess of dietary P in the F1 diet and that supplementation is not needed in fish meal-based diets for large yellowtail.     

权重约束AdaBoost鱼眼识别及改进Hough圆变换瞳孔智能测量

针对传统鱼眼瞳孔直径测量方法耗时、耗力,且数据主观性强的问题,该文提出基于权重约束AdaBoost和改进Hough圆变换的鱼眼瞳孔直径智能测量方法。首先,利用工业相机采集实验板上的鱼图像,从正负鱼眼图像样本中训练出基于权重约束AdaBoost算法的鱼眼分类器;然后,采用该分类器对试验图像进行检测,将检测到的鱼眼局部图从整体图中分离出来;最后,采用改进的Hough圆变换检测出鱼眼的瞳孔,并计算得到瞳孔直径。对100条金鲳鱼进行试验,鱼眼分类精度达97.1%,瞳孔正确检测率达94.2%,相比改进前分别提升了1.7个百分点和10.5个百分点,与人工测量瞳孔直径值的平均偏差为6.5%,比改进前低了5.9个百分点,总的平均测量时间为324.371 ms,比改进前减少了10.707 ms。试验证明:该文提出的方法能够精确、实时、自动地测量出鱼眼瞳孔的直径,有效避免了传统测量方式的复杂性和测量数据的主观性,可为鱼体生长状况评估、良种选育提供重要参考。     

基于CFD的养殖污水净化内循环流化床反应器结构优化

针对水产养殖污水净化对内循环流化床反应器的相关要求及流化状态下反应器结构、操作参数与相流体力学行为的密切关系,该文利用构建的描述不同结构、操作参数反应器气液两相流动的计算流体力学数学模型,分析了不同结构、操作参数下反应器液体流场、液体循环流量、气含率的变化规律,得到了对于内径200 mm、底部采用均孔布气盘的反应器,在表观气速为0.5~2.5 cm/s时,导流筒与反应器的内径比0.5,导流筒高度与反应器内径比6,导流筒下端到反应器底部距离50 mm,导流筒上端到液面距离100 mm为最优值;针对液体循环流量,使用相关数学模型求解理论值并与试验值进行比对,通过偏差分析探究了数学模型应用的局限性;使用MATLAB最小二乘法拟合了反应器在最优结构参数下表观气速与液体循环流量、气含率的关系,验证了拟合公式的精确性。该研究为内循环流化床反应器在水产养殖污水处理中的设计应用提供理论和技术参考。     

华北土石山区不同林分结构与功能的研究

在调查北京八达岭林区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)及其混交林生长量、土壤理化性质、水源涵养能力、病虫害的基础上,研究其结构与功能关系.结果表明,混交林比纯林具有更好的生长量,土壤理化性质得到进一步改善,从而提高水源涵养能力.另外,混交林还能够提高林分抵抗病虫害的能力.采用混交的方式为:1行刺槐3行侧柏循环混交,刺槐株数不超过1/4.本项研究以期对北京市森林健康经营具有一定的指导意义.     

草本植物混播对公路边坡的防护效果研究

草本植物混播应用于高等级公路边坡防护,具有减少噪音、防冲减蚀和改善公路沿线生态环境的良好效果。播种当年地表植被覆盖度达89.5%以上,可分别减少径流、泥沙36.5%和82.7%以上,次年地表覆盖度可达95%以上,基本上无水土流失且对土壤的改良作用明显。其中百喜草(50%)+白三叶(50%)的效果最好,高羊茅(40%)+白三叶(40%)+多年生黑麦草(20%)的效果次之,多年生黑麦草(30%)+早熟禾(30%)+白三叶(40%)的效果居第三。