水陆稻品种旱育秧苗生长和抗旱生理的研究

用4种水分处理,对盆栽8个水陆稻品种旱育秧苗期生长和抗旱生理生化变化进行了研究。结果表明:各参试品种在土壤持水量90％～100％的条件下,比淹水处理的秧苗根系生长好,植株健壮,分蘖多,光合强度、可溶性糖、干物质积累和叶绿素含量均有所提高,株高有所下降;在土壤持水量75％～85％的条件下,抗旱性强的品种能保持较好的生长势,但抗旱性弱的品种生长则明显减弱;在土壤持水量60％～70％的条件下,各品种秧苗植株生长矮小,根系生长受阻,叶色黄绿。这些变化的生理原因主要是植株含水量降低,细胞膜透性增大。     

我国农田总磷径流损失影响因素及损失量初步估算

农田磷素随地表径流向水体迁移导致磷肥利用率降低、生产成本上升、环境污染风险增加,收集近10年农田总磷径流损失的试验数据,并结合其对应的潜在影响因素进行统计分析,结果表明水田、旱地TP径流损失量与土壤全磷、粘粒含量百分比显著负相关,与施磷量、降雨量显著正相关。采用多元逐步回归方法,构建了单位面积水田、旱地总磷径流损失量估算模型。运用该模型对各省水田、旱地中TP径流损失量进行了估算,结果表明单位面积水田中TP径流损失量范围为0.585~3.015 kg·hm-2,单位面积旱地中TP径流损失量范围为0.045~0.473 kg·hm-2。2011年全国水田TP径流损失总量变化在3.554~5.875万t,平均值为4.715万t;全国旱地TP径流损失总量变化在0.951~2.347万t,平均值1.649万t;全国农田TP径流损失总量平均值为6.364万t。     

吉林省珍稀濒危树种的资源现状及治理对策

就吉林省珍稀濒危树种资源现状及危机成因进行了分析，并提出了相应的治理对策。     

黄土残塬沟壑区坡度和坡长对土壤侵蚀的影响分析

该研究以黄土区坡地的坡长与坡度对于土壤侵蚀的影响为研究内容 ,旨在为因害设防 ,更好的治理水土流失 ,对黄土高原坡地综合治理提出理论依据和切实可行的实践指导 .根据在山西省吉县黄土残塬沟壑区长期定位水土流失观测与调查资料 ,并结合以往关于黄土区的研究成果分析了坡长和坡度与侵蚀的关系 ,研究表明 :随坡长和坡度的增大 ,径流增大 ,侵蚀量越大 ,侵蚀模数增大 ;年侵蚀模数与坡长呈正相关关系 ;随着坡长增大 ,细沟侵蚀和浅沟侵蚀明显增强 ;坡耕地坡长最好小于 15m .     

抗旱、耐盐碱、矮秆陆地棉性状相关与通径分析

对从国内外引进，经鉴定和比较抗旱、耐改碱、矮杆性表现较好的19份材料，进行了抗旱、耐盐碱比较试验，遗传相关和通径分析表明：抗盐性与产量间呈负相关；第一棉铃高度与产量性状呈显著正相关，在主要的产量因素中第一棉铃高度，和单株结铃数对产量的通径系数最大，决定程度也最高。     

红壤旱地有机与无机肥料配合施用效果

为探明红壤旱地玉米合理的有机和无机肥配合施用比例，采用田间小区试验对其进行了施用效果的研究，结合表明，较合理的有机无机肥料配合施用比例为25－50％有机肥加75％－50％化肥，合理的有机与无机肥料配合施用可降低土壤容重，提高土壤含水量与土壤肥力，促进玉米生长，提高玉米籽粒产量和品质。     

黄土高原农田西洋参引种栽培研究

５年试验结果表明，在黄土高原农田条件下，只要采取培肥改土、架设荫棚、精细管理等配套技术措施，引种西洋参可以获得成功。４年生保苗率８０％，单参重８～３５ｇ，自然亩产量１００～１５０ｋｇ，亩产值６～１０万元，其人参皂甙含量达６．６７７％，超过卫生部５％的标准。这对拓宽西洋参在我国的种植区域、促进我省经济发展，无疑是一项省工高效的新兴种植业。     

黄土高原代料栽培香菇技术的研究推广

本项目通过在安泽县的研究和推广 ,创立和完善了黄土高原代料栽培香菇的新技术模式 ,探讨了在我省乃至黄土高原发展香菇产业的新路子 ,摸索出食用菌技术推广的一系列技术和管理的有效措施 ,促进了科技成果的转化 ,在安泽县建成了我省最大的食用菌生产基地     

辽宁旱稻的育种成就与前景展望

简述了辽宁旱稻发展历程,着重介绍丹东农科院通过籼粳亚种间杂交等途径选育成的耐旱、抗病、质优、高产、适应性强的丹粳系列旱稻新品种。并从水资源日益匮乏和低洼地土地资源条件分析,阐明了旱稻生产有一个较大的发展空间。     

Clonal performance of perennial Oryza sativa/O. rufipogon selections and their combining ability with O. sativa cultivars for survival, stolon production and yield

In Southeast Asia, upland rice (Oryza sativa) is an annual crop typically grown for subsistence on hilly lands that are at risk for soil erosion. If perennial cultivars of upland rice were developed, they would provide farmers with an inexpensive tool to produce a preferred food while conserving soil. O. rufipogon, the undomesticated progenitor of O. sativa, includes perennial and stoloniferous forms. To evaluate the feasibility of developing perennial cultivars by combining genes of O. sativa and O. rufipogon, four trials were conducted in an upland field at IRRI: O. sativa/O. rufipogon F₁ clone and cutting height trial, F₂ family trial, and two O. sativa/stoloniferous-selection factorial mating design trials. Plants were established at the beginning of the rainy season, then subjected to a 6-month dry season and evaluated for survival after 1 year. Of the 2101 cultivar control plants, only three IR47686-1-4-B individuals survived and none produced stolons. The 18 F₁ clones, which were selected from previous trials with less drought stress, ranged in survival from 4.4 to 91.4%. Cutting height at harvest did not affect survival. Survival among the F₂ families ranged from 9.4 to 31.9%. Segregation for stolon presence did not differ from a 3:1 ratio for five of the six F₂ families, suggesting the effect of a single dominant gene. Average yields per plant for the F₂ families were 1/3 to 1/9 of yields for the cultivars. However, by crossing the F₁s to cultivars, yield potential was almost fully recovered. For the full-sib families of the factorial trials, survival ranged from 0.0 to 48.6%. Azucena and IR47686-1-4-B, both japonica cultivars, exhibited greater general combining ability for survival relative to the six other cultivar parents. Thus, the process of developing perennial cultivars of rice should include screening annual cultivars to identify those with the best combining ability for survival. To develop cultivars of perennial upland rice, drought avoidance and/or tolerance from annual upland cultivars must be combined with the capacity for perennial growth from wild perennial species. The frequency of stolonifereous testcross progeny was lower than expected and was affected by the O. sativa parent. Thus, additional genes likely affected stolon penetrance and expression. Analyses of covariance indicated that stolons improved the likelihood of survival for progenies of the factorial trials but the effect was small (b < 0.1), and that yield (g/plant) had a small negative effect on percent survival (b = −0.13 to −0.32). This study demonstrated that it was possible to introgress genes for perennial growth from wild O. rufipogon accessions into domesticated O. sativa. Additionally, strategies for developing perennial cultivars of upland rice were improved.