Paternal contributions following artificial pollination in Pinus sylvestris (L)

Utilizing the isozyme technique, the genotypes of mature germinable embryos and the corresponding macrogametophytes were classified. The proportion of embryos originating from fertilization with a certain pollen parent was studied following pollination with pollen mixtures or pollen applied on different days. The proportion of fertilized mature embryos arising through self‐pollination was considerably lower than the proportion of selfpollen in the mixture used for pollination. In a mixture with an equal representation of two outcrossing pollens, roughly the same share of fertilized embryos was obtained. Pollinating at different occasions demonstrated that pollination is effective immediately after the opening of the first ovuliferous scales, while supplementary pollination after the peak receptivity is not effective.     

Seasonal fluctuations of low‐molecular‐weight sugars,starch and nitrogen in sapwood of Pinus sylvestris L.

The content of water‐soluble substances and starch in the living tree stem at the time of felling influences wood durability during further utilization. The aim of the study was to describe the annual and seasonal fluctuations in the contents of stored carbohydrates and nitrogenous compounds. The contents of soluble sugars, starch, and nitrogen were measured in the outer sapwood (0–15 mm from cambium) of 65‐yr‐old Scots pine {Pinus sylvestris L.) trees during an annual cycle. To study the influence of growth conditions, samples were taken from different stands in Sweden, in one stand from a control and a fertilized block. The effect of the age of the trees on the content of stored substances was also considered by comparing young (10–15 yrs old) and older trees (40–65 yrs old). Determination of the carbohydrates was carried out using enzymatic analysis. The outer pine sapwood contained a higher content of low‐molecular weight sugars during autumn and winter than during spring and summer. Starch content rose at the beginning of the growth period and decreased in autumn. The content of soluble sugars increased towards the cambium on all sampling occasions. Fructose and glucose were dominant sugars in all the stands studied. Seasonal changes of sucrose were different from those of glucose and fructose, in that the sucrose content was already decreasing in February. The variations in the nitrogen content of the sapwood were far smaller than those of the soluble sugars. No significant differences were found between the stands with regard to glucose, fructose and the sum of all three sugars. The fertilized block showed low content of sucrose and nitrogen. It is concluded that seasonal fluctuations are more important with regard to the sugar content than the effect of growth conditions. Data indicate a lower content of soluble sugars and nitrogen in the outermost sapwood of young trees as compared with older trees.     

松树落枝病的室内抑菌试验

针对河北地区普遍出现的松树落枝病,将病枝进行病原分离后让其生长得到病原菌,通过采用木霉菌、化学药剂、银杏枝叶内含物与菌丝接种,测定其对菌丝生长的影响。木霉菌对菌丝生长的抑制作用很强,可抑制病原菌丝的生长,并且能穿透病原菌丝,使其萎缩,从根本上阻止了松树落枝病的发生;用化学药剂多菌灵、杜邦易保、瑞毒霉—锰锌、防病1号、防病2号、可杀得6种药剂,分别用200倍、400倍、800倍不同浓度单独与混合应用,对松树落枝病进行室内药效测定。结果表明:800倍可杀得抑制菌丝生长的能力最强,200倍、400倍、800倍多菌灵,200倍、400倍可杀得,400倍、800倍杜邦易保,200倍、400倍防病1号也有一定的杀菌能力;将药剂混合使用时,混合药剂抑制菌丝生长能力普遍增强,400倍可杀得和400倍多菌灵混合,400倍可杀得和400倍防病2号混合抑制效果异常显著;银杏枝叶内含物对菌丝有明显的抑制作用。     

小兴安岭过伐林红松种群分布格局

根据标准地样方频度调查数据,用概率论模型模拟的方法,对比研究了小兴安岭过伐林和原始阔叶红松林中红松种群分布格局.研究表明:在不同类型的原始阔叶红松林中,红松在主林层和演替层中的分布格局各不相同,在过伐林的演替层中红松种群呈现负二项分布格局.     

Soil testing of horticultural substrates (v) Evaluation of 1: 1.5 water extract and ammonium acetate extract for potassium and desirable potassium values

Abstract

The 1: 1.5 water extraction of horticultural substrate for K was evaluated using K uptake as the criterion. Two crops, chrysanthemum (2 trials) and verbena (2 trials) were grown in peat, peat + pumice (PP), pine bark and peat + sawdust + sand (PSS). The ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) extraction for K was evaluated in one trial. The number of K application rates varied from 9 to 23.

The relationship between both soil tests and plant uptake was very good for all substrates, although it was generally poorer in bark, particularly in the verbena trials. This was probably due to the relatively high level of native K in bark and the lower K requirement of verbena. The relationship between water extractable K and NH₄OAc extractable K was linear and very good.

Percentage maximum dry weight and net growth rate were regressed against soil test values using a quadratic function and desirable values (DV) were estimated from the response curve. The initial DV for water extractable K For maximum dry weight in the chrysanthemum trials varied from about 45 ‐ 139 ppm and for NH₄OAc extractable K in one chrysanthemum trial varied from 284 ‐ 469 ppm. The DV obtained from growth rate measurements were similar to those obtained using percent maximum dry weight. It was not possible to determine DV for plants growing in bark and in PSS in one trial.

The DV for verbena, which could be determined in peat in only one trial due to lack of response in the others was 10–11 ppm in the water extract.     

拟松材线虫携带的可培养微生物种群研究

以云南松濒临枯死木为对象,利用贝尔曼漏斗法获得植物寄生性线虫,借助形态学和PCR-RELF相结合的方法鉴定出拟松材线虫,在此基础上,对其所携带的可培养微生物进行了分离纯化和鉴定,证实拟松材线虫共携带26种细菌和4种真菌,所携带可培养微生物随着拟松材线虫人工培养代数的增加,其多样性下降,人工培养3次以后,微生物的种类从30种降到9种。未纯化线虫致病性显著高于继代培养线虫,继代培养次数越多,致病性下降越快,说明体表可培养微生物参与了拟松材线虫的致病过程。     

马尾松土贡种源松针挥发油化学成分GC／MS分析

用挥发油提取器提取马尾松土贡种源松针中挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析其中的化学成分,采用GC峰面积归一化法定量,并与马尾松普通种源松针油做对比。结果表明,土贡种源和普通种源挥发油得油率分别为0.52％、0.60％,各分出69、75个成分,鉴定其中23个,分别占挥发油总量的92.65％、94.56％,其挥发油主要成分为α-蒎烯（37.673％、46.715％）、莰烯（3.724％、3.015％）、β-蒎烯（14.969％、12.978％）、石竹烯（8.242％、10.212％）,除α-蒎烯含量相差9.042％以外,其他成分含量相差不大。     

Estimating Pinus palustris tree diameter and stem volume from tree height,crown area and stand-level parameters

Accurate and efficient estimation of forest growth and live biomass is a critical element in assessing potential responses to forest management and environmental change. The objective of this study was to develop models to predict longleaf pine tree diameter at breast height （dbh） and merchantable stem volume （V） using data obtained from field measurements. We used longleaf pine tree data from 3,376 planted trees on 127 permanent plots located in the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain region to fit equations to predict dbh and V as functions of tree height （H） and crown area （CA）. Prediction of dbh as a function of H improved when CA was added as an additional independent variable. Similarly, predic- tions of V based on H improved when CA was included. Incorporation of additional stand variables such as age, site index, dominant height, and stand density were also evaluated but resulted in only small improvements in model performance. For model testing we used data from planted and naturally-regenerated trees located inside and outside the geographic area used for model fitting. Our results suggest that the models are a robust alternative for dbh and V estimations when H and CA are known on planted stands with potential for naturally-regenerated stands, across a wide range of ages. We discuss the importance of these models for use with metrics derived from remote sensing data.     

透光抚育对长白山“栽针保阔”红松林群落结构和凋落物影响

[目的]为加快阔叶红松林恢复,完善"栽针保阔"恢复理论体系,并为阔叶红松林恢复实践提供科学依据。[方法]运用采伐试验方法,研究上层透光抚育(对照-栽针未采伐、轻度采伐-25%、中度采伐-50%、强度采伐-75%、皆伐-100%,采伐强度是指蓄积比例)对长白山中期(33年)"栽针保阔"红松林群落结构、群落蓄积量及凋落物的影响规律。[结果]①随着择伐强度增大,红松的重要值逐渐上升(0.364%~0.732%),红松在群落中的优势地位逐渐上升,而阔叶树种重要值却不断下降。②轻、中度择伐较对照凋落物量(6.11±0.42~7.45±0.79 t/hm2)显著提高了8.6%和13.7%(P0.05),强度择伐和皆伐降低1.2%和6.7%,但仅皆伐降低显著(P0.05);对于凋落物碳储量,中度择伐使其凋落物碳储量(2.13±0.39~2.82±0.37 t/hm2)较对照提高19.5%(P0.05),皆伐使其降低9.8%(P0.05)。③皆伐、强度择伐、中度择伐和轻度择伐蓄积量(221.2~260.6 m3/hm2)较对照群落分别提高了26.9%、19.5%、15.9%和7.7%,且均与对照之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。而对于红松蓄积量(36.6~184.4 m3/hm2),皆伐、强度择伐、中度择伐、轻度择伐依次较照样地提高了5.0、4.1、2.8、1.9倍,且均与对照有显著差异(P0.05)。[结论]从促进林分稳定性、维持凋落碳储量及提高森林的生态效益综合考虑,采伐强度应以中低度透光方式为宜。     

红松多酚对免疫细胞活性影响的研究

[目的]了解红松多酚对免疫细胞功能的影响.[方法]采用MTT法研究了红松多酚对大鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力的影响,以中性红吞噬试验考察了红松多酚对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力的影响.[结果]研究表明,随着给药剂量的增加,红松多酚对机体免疫细胞具有活性促进作用.剂量浓度达到0.3 mg/ml时,脾淋巴细胞增殖呈现极显著增加（P＜0.01）,腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬中性红能力亦呈现极显著增强（P＜0.01）.并且在一定浓度范围内,作用效果均呈现剂量-效果关系.[结论]红松多酚对于机体的免疫细胞活性具有促进作用.