黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸风沙流结构与沙丘移动规律

为明确黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸的风沙活动及沙丘移动特征,该文以黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸的流动沙丘为研究对象,采用野外观测与实验室分析相结合的方法对沿岸沙丘的起沙风况、沙物质组成、风沙流结构及沙丘移动规律进行初步的定量研究。结果表明:起沙风的主风为西南—西风,集中于3-5月份,且5～6m/s风占起沙风的50.26%;沙物质粒径以细砂(0.1～0.25mm)为主,沿黄段沙丘粒径极细砂以下(≤0.1mm)的沙物质粒径组成比沙漠腹地减少8.92%;距地60cm高度范围内,81.75%的沙物质在0～10cm高的气层中通过。在沙丘的不同部位上,相对输沙量与高程之间有着良好的幂函数关系;沙丘向前移动的距离为8.19m/a,主要发生在3-5月份。该研究结果可为合理计算入黄风积沙量及完善黄河沿岸综合防护体系提供科学依据。     

不同土地利用方式下渭-库绿洲土壤盐渍化特征分析

基于渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲土壤盐渍化现象发展的趋势,采用经典统计分析方法,对研究区不同土地利用方式下的土壤电导率、总盐量和pH值进行描述性统计分析,通过单因素方差方法对不同土地利用方式下土壤盐分指标进行差异显著性检验,并利用最小显著极差法(LSD)进行多重比较。研究结果表明:在不同土地利用方式和土层深度下,土壤电导率和总盐量的平均水平差异显著(p0.05),其含量由高到低依次为:荒漠灌丛盐碱草地耕地林地,而土壤pH值则无显著差异,土壤盐分呈现出明显的表层富集现象。本研究的结论对于提高此区域农业生产潜力和盐碱地综合治理具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

基于农户生计和水资源高效利用的黑河流域生态治理政策研究

[目的]分析影响黑河中游地区生态输水治理工程可持续发展的潜在因素,为该地区生态环境修复提供科学依据。[方法]通过问卷调查的方式对样本区550户农户进行调查,并采用逻辑回归分析方法对问卷数据进行建模分析。[结果]中游农户对生态输水治理工程持认可态度,但大部分农户考虑到成本效益、土地规模和灌溉技术等条件的限制,不愿意发展节水农业;同时项目对农户生计造成一定影响。[结论]黑河生态输水治理工程对节水农业投入不足,水资源短缺形式依然严峻;农户生计受到一定影响,加大了生态治理成果维护的风险。因此,在进行生态输水治理的同时,要建立流域水资源生态补偿机制,扶持节水农业发展,改善农户生计多样化,实现农户生计安全和环境保护的良性互动。     

河岸边坡草被减流减沙效应及其坡面流水动力学特征

为研究草本植被覆盖对河岸边坡坡面流水动力学特征及产流产沙规律的影响,阐明坡面生物措施的减流减沙效益,在放水流量为5ml/s、坡度约为15°的条件下对不同草本植被覆盖类型的河岸自然边坡进行野外放水冲刷试验。结果表明:(1)植被覆盖坡面的初始产沙量均大于裸地,黄花蒿的产沙量最大(1.92g),其次是野豌豆(1.73g)、狼尾草(1.24g),裸地(0.96g)最小;从产沙趋势上看,裸地坡面的产沙过程呈先升高后下降的趋势,而狼尾草、野豌豆、黄花蒿则呈整体递减趋势;(2)4种不同下垫面边坡土壤稳定入渗率介于2.10~4.30之间,狼尾草(4.30mm/min)最大,野豌豆(3.91mm/min)、黄花蒿(3.10mm/min)次之,裸地(2.10mm/min)最小,且入渗过程均符合Horton入渗公式:i=i_c+(i_0+i_c)e~(-kt);(3)各草本植被覆盖坡面的减流效益按大小排序为狼尾草(57.41%)野豌豆(40.74%)黄花蒿(37.03%);减沙效益大小排序为狼尾草(55.73%)野豌豆(45.71%)黄花蒿(26.89%);(4)3种草本植被坡面的径流流速及费汝德数均小于裸地,而雷诺数与裸地相比差异不大,均分布在32.46~33.90之间;各植被坡面的Darcy—Weisbach阻力系数及糙率系数分别是裸地的3.96~12.85倍和1.96~2.52倍。研究结果可为进一步揭示草被的减流减沙作用及土壤侵蚀动力过程提供理论依据。     

基于排污权交易的湘江流域生态补偿研究

[目的]以湖南省湘江流域为研究对象,探索流域生态补偿方法,为湘江流域实施污染综合治理及区域平衡发展提供理论依据。[方法]通过研究区域内的8个城市(长沙、湘潭、株洲、衡阳、岳阳、永州、郴州、娄底)2012年的人均GDP,人口总数,人均工业生产总值和万元GDP污水排放量与8个市的平均值进行对比分析,确定生态补偿标准系数。通过将各个市的人均排污量与8个城市的平均排污量作比较,求得各个市的超量排污量和节余排污量;按照主要因子排污价格及其排污比例确定超量排放和节余排放的支付和补偿价格;利用生态补偿标准系数,计算2012年湘江流域每个城市的最终补偿标准。[结果]2012年长沙、株洲、湘潭市应分别支付生态补偿资金4 005.0,440.7和430.1万元,衡阳、岳阳、郴州、永州和娄底市可获得的生态补偿资金分别为338.2,90.4,561.4,602.8和379.5万元。[结论]实际排污大于理论排污权的城市有长沙、株洲和湘潭市;而其他5个城市排污权均有节余。     

长江河口地区土壤水盐动态特点与区域土壤水盐调控研究

河口地区土壤水盐动态有丰水年份春秋季土壤积盐、枯水年份夏季土壤积盐的季节性特点,且各季节积盐的机理也不同。分析研究了河口地区不同水文年间不同季节的土壤水盐动态调控指标。分析河口区域土壤盐分的分布状况及近几年来河口区域秋冬季咸潮入侵加重和雨季土壤盐化程度加剧的状况,针对性的开展河口区域不同水文年各季节的土壤水盐调控,采取各种水利措施和农耕措施控制区域土壤水盐状况向有利于土壤改良和提高生产率的方向发展。     

苏南河网水污染控制系统规划优化研究

以苏南某地二级树状河网为例,在运用S-P水质模型模拟河网水质的基础上,构建了以河网污水处理费用及引水稀释费用之和最小为目标函数的水污染控制最优化模型,采用遗传算法,对各引水口的引水量及河网中各排污口的污水处理率进行优化计算,供苏南地区水系规划与管理参考。     

近50年来黄河源区水文要素周期性分析及模拟

寒区水文过程是寒区生态系统中的重要环节之一,水热状况将直接决定高寒地区的生态环境状况.用滑动趋势法和墨西哥帽状小波变化分别获取了研究区域近50年来气候变化的年际年代变化及其周期分析,基于青藏高原太阳辐射平衡已有成果,结合联合国粮农组织推荐的彭曼-蒙蒂斯模型,对于达日县可能蒸散发进行了数值模拟.得出以下主要结论:近50年来达日县降水年增加率为0.557 mm/a,而该县最大可能蒸散发量的年增加率为0.132 mm/a,气候总体趋势是由干旱向湿润方向发生转变;达日县年气温序列主要呈现20 a、15 a、7 a和5 a的周期振荡,年降水序列表现为15～20 a和7～8 a的周期振荡;近20年来可能蒸散发呈递减的趋势,汛期序列递减率为0.046 7 mm/a,冬春序列递减率为0.108 4 mm/a.     

The significance of meandering channel morphology on the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in a lowland river in Japan

• 1. Many rivers and streams across the world have been channelized for various purposes. Channel cross‐sections of meandering rivers are asymmetrical and have cross‐sectional diversity in their physical environment; cross‐sections of a channelized river are typically trapezoidal and have little cross‐sectional diversity, both in physical and ecological conditions. Several programmes to restore stream meanders have been undertaken to improve river ecosystems degraded by channelization. However, the association between diversification in the physical environment due to meander restoration and the macroinvertebrate community structure is poorly known.
• 2. This study of a lowland river in Japan assessed how the cross‐sectional diversity of the physical environment changed with restoration of a meander in a channelized river, and how the macroinvertebrate communities responded to the changes in physical habitat variation. Comparisons were made between the macroinvertebrate communities of a channelized reach, the restored meandering reach, and a natural meandering reach.
• 3. Natural meandering and restored meandering reaches showed higher cross‐sectional diversity in physical variables and total taxon richness across a reach than did the channelized reach. Almost all taxa observed in the natural and restored meandering reaches were concentrated in the shallowest marginal habitats near the banks. Shear velocity increasing with water depth had a negative association with macroinvertebrate density and richness.
• 4. This study demonstrated that the shallow river bed along the inside of bends formed point bars that provided a highly stable substrate, a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates in a lowland river. It is concluded that meander restoration could be an effective strategy for in‐stream habitat restoration in lowland meandering rivers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Condition assessment of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment,north‐east England,and the potential influence of physical migration barriers

• 1. River lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are designated features of the River Derwent Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and the Humber Estuary (a possible SAC). This study determined the condition of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment by assessing the species composition, distribution, abundance and size‐structure of larval (ammocoete) populations in five major tributary rivers (Derwent, Swale, Ure, Nidd and Wharfe).
• 2. According to EU condition assessment criteria, Lampetra populations (assumed to be mostly river lamprey) are at present in favourable condition, with site mean (±SE) densities ranging from 2.7 (±1.2) to 160.3 (±50.5) individuals m^?2 (all river means >2 individuals m^?2), and at least two size (≈age) classes present in optimal microhabitats. By contrast, no sea lamprey larvae were recorded, suggesting that populations of this species are in unfavourable condition.
• 3. Actions to protect and enhance nationally or internationally important stocks must be implemented from at least a catchment perspective, because many of the issues affecting such species are not localized. With respect to lampreys, particular attention should be given to protecting spawning and nursery habitats, improving water quality, reducing impingement at abstraction points, preventing exploitation at spawning grounds and increasing passage at potential physical obstructions.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.