Reducing the potential for processing contaminant formation in cereal products

Processing contaminants may be defined as substances that are produced in a food when it is cooked or processed, are not present or are present at much lower concentrations in the raw, unprocessed food, and are undesirable either because they have an adverse effect on product quality or because they are potentially harmful. The presence of very low levels of processing contaminants in common foods is becoming an increasingly important issue for the food industry, as developments in analytical techniques and equipment bring foods under closer and closer scrutiny. This review considers the formation of lipid oxidation products, hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to prevent lipid oxidation and the associated risk of trans fatty acid formation. The formation of acrylamide in the Maillard reaction is described, as well as the genetic and agronomic approaches being taken to reduce the acrylamide-forming potential of cereal grain. The multiple routes for the formation of furan and associated chemicals, including hydroxymethylfurfuryl, are also described. The evolving regulatory and public perception situations for these processing contaminants and their implications for the cereal supply chain are discussed, emphasising the need for cereal breeders to engage with the contaminants issue.     

秦川牛腿骨油的脂质组成分析

为了实现畜禽骨副产物的有效利用,本研究采用超声波辅助溶剂浸出法提取秦川牛腿骨油,应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法和基于多维质谱“鸟枪法”脂质组学技术(MDMS-SL)综合分析牛腿骨油的脂质组成,并对牛腿骨油的氧化稳定性、酸价和过氧化值等理化性质以及酚类化合物进行测定。结果表明,秦川牛腿骨油中含有丰富的甘油酯,其中甘油三酯(TAG)含量为93.85%,同时含有少量的甘油二酯(DAG)。在秦川牛腿骨油中共检测出24种脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为62.85%和2.18%;24种酰基肉碱,总含量为1.18 nmol·g^-1;17种鞘磷脂,总含量为35.36 nmol·g^-1;38种磷脂酰胆碱,总含量为22.16 nmol·g^-1。样品具有较强的氧化稳定性,酸价和过氧化值分别为16.43 mg KOH·g^-1和5.22 mmol·kg^-1,含有α-生育酚、α-三烯酚及γ-三烯酚3种酚类化合物。丰富的TAG、不饱和脂肪酸及鞘磷脂含量使秦川牛腿骨油在促进营养吸收、降血糖血脂及抗炎等方面具有较大的利用潜力。本研究为秦川牛腿骨油相关高附加值产品的开发提供了理论基础。     

Methanotrophy-driven accumulation of organic carbon in four paddy soils of Bangladesh

Biological methane oxidation is a crucial process in the global carbon cycle that reduces methane emissions from paddy fields and natural wetlands into the atmosphere.However,soil organic carbon accumulation associated with microbial methane oxidation is poorly understood.Therefore,to investigate methane-derived carbon incorporation into soil organic matter,paddy soils originated from different parent materials(Inceptisol,Entisol,and Alfisol) were collected after rice harvesting from four major rice-producing regions in Bangladesh.Following microcosm incubation with 5%(volume/volume)¹³ CH₄,soil¹³ C-atom abundances significantly increased from background level of 1.08% to 1.88%–2.78%,leading to a net methane-derived accumulation of soil organic carbon ranging from 120 to 307 mg kg^-1.Approximately 23.6%–60.0% of the methane consumed was converted to soil organic carbon during microbial methane oxidation.The phylogeny of¹³ C-labeled pmoA(enconding the alpha subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase) and 16 S rRNA genes further revealed that canonical α(type II) and γ(type I) Proteobacteria were active methane oxidizers.Members within the Methylobacter-and Methylosarcina-affiliated type Ia lineages dominated active methane-oxidizing communities that were responsible for the majority of methane-derived carbon accumulation in all three paddy soils,while Methylocystis-affiliated type IIa lineage was the key contributor in one paddy soil of Inceptisol origin.These results suggest that methanotroph-mediated synthesis of biomass plays an important role in soil organic matter accumulation.This study thus supports the concept that methanotrophs not only consume the greenhouse gas methane but also serve as a key biotic factor in maintaining soil fertility.     

脂肪酸酯在TG-DSC下的挥发与氧化特性

在N2和O2氛围下,分别对饱和脂肪酸甲酯(C16∶0和C18∶0)和不饱和脂肪酸甲酯(C18∶1)3种纯酯以及来源于生物油脂的混合酯样品进行热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC)研究。研究发现:在N2氛围下,C16∶0的起始失重温度为157.3℃,要比C18∶0低;而C18∶1比C18∶0更容易挥发,对应的起始失重温度分别为175.9℃和193.7℃;由3种纯酯在N2和O2氛围下各自起始失重的温度间隔可判断出碳链较长的C18∶0着火性能最佳,C16∶0与之接近,C18∶1的着火性能最差;3种纯酯样品的TG-DSC曲线在N2氛围下因挥发和热解均呈现出吸热峰,而在O2氛围下在剧烈燃烧时呈现放热峰形。混合酯在不同氛围下都呈现了与纯酯相类似的热重特性和热流峰形,其中所占比例较大的组分对混合酯燃料特性起着关键性的作用。     

Hormonal regulation of metabolism in hepatocytes of the ureogenic teleostopsanus beta

Short-term exposure of isolated toadfish hepatocytes to high concentrations (100 nM) of glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP) or epinephrine significantly increases the rate of lactate gluconeogenesis (1.3-fold) and glycogenolysis (5- to 7-fold). Half-maximal responsiveness to GLP is reached at about 2 nM for gluconeogenesis and 6 nM for glycogenolysis, while the value for glycogenolysis activated by catfish glucagon is 28 nM. Cells do not to respond to 5 nM epinephrine. Norepinephrine, urotensin II and leucine-enkephalin, each applied at 100 nM, increase the rate of glycogenolysis by 1.3 to 1.5-fold. All other hormones tested (vasotocin, isotocin, VIP, methionine-enkephalin, ovine prolactin, -endorphin, APY, salmon insulin) failed to affect metabolic flux through glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis. None of the hormones altered the rate of urea synthesis or the rate of lactate oxidation by hepatocytes. Although toadfish hepatocytes are responsive to hormonal stimuli, they do not appear to be a useful model to study evolutionary trends in short-term hormonal regulation of urea synthesis. However, the obvious differences in mechanisms of control of urea synthesis in this species compared with ureogenic amphibians and mammals open an intriguing avenue for research.     

Study of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell for Portable Application

A technique of fabrication of air electrode for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) is proposed. The investigated air electrode is free of Teflon- containing and with ultra- thin catalyst layer. Catalysts PtRu/C for methanol electroxidation is electrochemically deposited on a Nafion- bonded carbon electrode. A concept, that is, methanol is oxidized at a relatively high potential, is proposed. Such a fabricated DMFC is characterized with a high utilization of noble metals and basically eliminating CO poisoning in operation.     

2，6—二叔丁基对甲酚封接穗提高核桃嫁接的成活率

选用 2 ,6—二叔丁基对甲酚封接穗 ,既能对接穗起保湿作用 ,又能抗植物单宁的氧化 ,提高核桃树嫁接的成活率     

日粮维生素A水平对免疫接种及热应激下蛋鸡脂质过氧化反应的影响

试验研究不同的VA添加水平（3000、6000、9000、12000IU/kg）对经免疫接种（对照组）和接种后立即热应激处理（试验组）的蛋鸡生产性能，血浆中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和脂质过氧化物（LPO）含量的影响。结果：表明：（1）VA水平对蛋鸡采食量、产蛋率和料蛋比无显著影响，但随着VA水平的提高，蛋重极显著增加（P＜0．01）；试验组蛋重显著低于对照组（P＜0．01），料蛋比显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。（2）对照组接种使机体超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，脂质过氧化物（LPO）含量极显著升高（P＜0．01）；VA添加水平对SOD活性无显著影响，但随着VA添加水平的提高，血浆中LPO含量极显著下降（P＜0．01）。（3）试验组免疫接种后立即热应激（32℃，24h）会抑制SOD活性的升高，使LPO含量也极显著升高（P＜0．01），48h后SOD活生极显著升高（P＜0．01）；随着VA水平的提高，SOD活性显著提高（P＜0．05），LPO含量极显著下降（P＜0．01），实验结果显示，高温＋免疫接种会给蛋鸡机体造成很大的影响，使机体内SOD活性受到抑制，LPO含量升高，应尽可能避免高温下进行免疫接种，提高日粮VA水平有利于减轻机体脂质过氧化程度，VA对SOD活性的影响因应激程度而有所差异。     

厌氧降解和生物接触氧化法处理奥里油废水的实验研究

本文介绍了以奥里油为原料生产重交沥青的生产废水处理工艺,通过实验模拟,探索了该类废水的生物处理效果,并总结出了该废水生物处理启动调试经验.实验证明,用该工艺处理是可行的,厌氧降解处理COD负荷8.7 kg·m-3d-1,平均去除率达35%,好氧处理COD负荷1.87 kg·m-3d-1,平均去除率达69%,生物处理总的COD平均去除率达80%.最终出水达到GB8978-1996二级排放标准.