农村汇水河浜生态修复组合工程处理效果分析

为有效削减农村集中居住区汇水河浜的污染物,在常州市武进区前黄镇运村村新运小桥浜东北侧次级支浜构建“前置库-湿地塘-生态沟”的生态修复组合工程,并沿水流方向采集水样（平枯水期 7次、丰水期 7次）,监测主要水质指标,包括水温、pH、溶解氧（DO）、总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、硝氮（NO^-₃-N）、总磷（TP）、磷酸盐（PO^3-₄-P）、化学需氧量（COD）和悬浮物（SS）,计算各污染物的沿程总削减率,分析各工艺段的污染通量,估算组合工程对于该次级支浜污染负荷的年削减量。结果表明：在平枯水期,组合工程主要依靠物理沉降、透水坝拦截等作用削减颗粒态污染物;在丰水期,组合工程主要依靠植物吸收、微生物降解等作用削减溶解态污染物。生活污水和分散菜地对于TN、TP污染负荷的贡献较大;生活污水对COD污染负荷的贡献最大。次级支浜水体氮素中NO^-₃-N含量较高,磷素中颗粒态磷（PP）含量较高。组合工程对次级支浜陆源污染中TN、TP和COD污染负荷的年削减量分别为 166.23、20.07、502.66 kg·a^-1。研究表明,生态修复组合工程能够削减部分污染负荷,今后仍须加强来自生产、生活的陆源污染拦截,以及汇入新运小桥浜之后的水体原位净化。     

The long-term effects of catchment liming and reduced sulphur deposition on forest soils and runoff chemistry in southwest Sweden

Whole catchment liming or forest liming has been proposed and implemented as a countermeasure to the effects of elevated sulphur deposition. Since the end of the 1980s the Swedish Forest Agency has undertaken experimental forest liming experiments in selected catchments in southern Sweden. These studies were with low doses (3 tonnes ha⁻¹) of lime (CaCO₃) and dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂). Data from both soil samples and stream water samples have been collected for the 16 years following treatment. The stream data has been complemented with data from untreated catchments, from the Swedish monitoring stream network. Significant differences due to treatment were seen for Ca, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) in the humus layer, none of these variables showed a statistically significant change in the mineral soil due to treatment alone. Soil samples from both the treated and untreated sites showed temporal changes in both the humus layer and the mineral soils with increases in pH, Ca and CEC and decreases in BS and Al which were independent of treatment. A combination of treatment and time, gave significant changes in BS and TA down to 10 cm in the mineral soil. In the stream water samples no statistically significant differences were observed between treated and untreated sites. Regardless of treatment, the streams exhibited a general pattern of declining concentrations of SO₄, Ca, sum of base cations (BC) and increasing acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). In summary, the application of a low dose of lime (3 tonnes ha⁻¹) did not result in significant changes in surface water chemistry in the study catchments and changes in soil chemistry were mainly restricted to the humus layer during the 16 years following treatment. The natural recovery, as a result of reductions in sulphur deposition, dominated the effects and was clearly seen in both the treated and untreated study sites. MAGIC simulations indicate that this recovery will continue in the coming decades.     

Suitability of common models to estimate hydrology and diffuse water pollution in North-eastern German lowland catchments with intensive agricultural land use

Various process-based models are extensively being used to analyze and forecast catchment hydrology and water quality. However, it is always important to select the appropriate hydrological and water quality modeling tools to predict and analyze the watershed and also consider their strengths and weaknesses. Different factors such as data availability, hydrological, hydraulic, and water quality processes and their desired level of complexity are crucial for selecting a plausible modeling tool. This review is focused on suitable model selection with a focus on desired hydrological, hydraulic and water quality processes (nitrogen fate and transport in surface, subsurface and groundwater bodies) by keeping in view the typical lowland catchments with intensive agricultural land use, higher groundwater tables, and decreased retention times due to the provision of artificial drainage. In this study, four different physically based, partially and fully distributed integrated water modeling tools, SWAT (soil and water assessment tool), SWIM (soil and water integrated model), HSPF (hydrological simulation program– FORTRAN) and a combination of tools from DHI (MIKE SHE coupled with MIKE 11 and ECO Lab), have been reviewed particularly for the Tollense River catchment located in North-eastern Germany. DHI combined tools and SWAT were more suitable for simulating the desired hydrological processes, but in the case of river hydraulics and water quality, the DHI family of tools has an edge due to their integrated coupling between MIKE SHE, MIKE 11 and ECO Lab. In case of SWAT, it needs to be coupled with another tool to model the hydraulics in the Tollense River as SWAT does not include backwater effects and provision of control structures. However, both SWAT and DHI tools are more data demanding in comparison to SWIM and HSPF. For studying nitrogen fate and transport in unsaturated, saturated, and river zone, HSPF was a better model to simulate the desired nitrogen transformation and transport processes. However, for nitrogen dynamics and transformations in shallow streams, ECO Lab had an edge due its flexibility for inclusion of user-desired water quality parameters and processes. In the case of SWIM, most of the input data and governing equations are similar to SWAT but it does not include water bodies (ponds and lakes), wetlands and drainage systems. In this review, only the processes that were needed to simulate the Tollense River catchment were considered, however the resulted model selection criteria can be generalized to other lowland catchments in Australia, North-western Europe and North America with similar complexity.     

天山北坡山区流域融雪径流模拟研究

天山北坡山区流域资料稀缺,融雪径流模拟比较困难。以天山北坡的乌鲁木齐河、玛纳斯河和奎屯河流域为例,利用水文气象资料和冰雪遥感数据,建立流域融雪径流SRM模型,以2007年3—8月为模拟校准期,2005年和2006年3—8月为模拟检验期,模拟3个资料稀缺山区流域融雪日径流,检验模拟结果和模型的有效性,评价SRM模型在资料稀缺流域的适用性。结果表明:3个流域SRM模型融雪径流模拟具有比较好的模拟效果。在模拟校准期间,3个流域R2平均值为0.85,D_V平均值为9.42%,模拟精度比较高;在模拟检校期,2006年3个流域R~2平均值为0.72,D_V平均值为13.3%,2005年R~2平均值为0.78,D_V平均值为4.85%,表明3个流域SRM模型的参数估算合理,建立的SRM模型是有效的,SRM模型在天山北坡的资料稀缺山区流域融雪径流模拟中具有其适用性。     

水分胁迫对全膜双垄沟播玉米光合等生理特性的影响

在甘肃榆中大田条件下,研究了水分胁迫对全膜双垄沟播玉米叶片保护酶系活性、膜脂过氧化、根系活力、光合速率及产量的影响。结果表明,玉米生育前中期水分胁迫使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性大幅度增加,随干旱持续和强度加剧,使SOD、CAT、POD活性降低,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量增加。播后126 d,严重水分胁迫处理的SOD、CAT、POD活性分别降低到充分供水处理的61.2%、62.5%和76.1%,MDA含量较充分供水处理增加18.4%。短期水分胁迫能提高玉米根系活力,但随着受旱时间延长根系活力迅速下降。水分胁迫使玉米光合产物合成与转运量显著下降,致使百粒重、穗粒数和收获指数分别降低15.1%、54.1%和47.4%,减产达45.7%。     

水土保持径流小区监测方法探讨——以甘肃省定西市安家沟监测点为例

径流小区在水土保持监测工作中发挥着非常重要的作用,是其它方法所不能替代的.要保证小区资料的准确性和可靠性,选择正确的观测方法和数据处理方法是关键.在半干旱地区,降雨场次的划分是区分次降雨径流的主要依据,特别是在阴雨连绵的情况下,就更需要合理划分降雨径流的场次,以客观记录"次降雨径流"过程.本研究尝试用置换法处理水样,只需购置比重瓶即可进行测定,设备简单,快捷高效,既保证了数据质量,也能有效降低处理水样的经济成本.因而,建议在水土流失强度比较大的地区用置换法处理水样.同时,涉及径流小区的相关资料,也不能简单或盲目地直接引用,必须经过相应的修订和验证.     

Reliability of an expert-based runoff and erosion model: Application of STREAM to different environments

During the last decades, the European loess belt has been confronted with a significant increase in environmental problems due to erosion on agricultural land. Spatially distributed runoff and erosion models operating at the catchment scale are therefore needed to evaluate the impact of potential mitigation measures. Expert-based models offer an alternative solution to process-based and empirical models, but their decision rules are only valid for the local conditions for which they have been derived. The STREAM model, which was developed in Normandy (France), has been applied in two Belgian catchments having a similar soil texture, as well as in a catchment of southern France differing by soil, land use and climate characteristics. The performance of hydrological models can be assessed for instance by calculating the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency criterion (E_NS). When applied to Belgium, the model results are satisfactory to good after an adaptation of the decision rules (0.90 < E_NS < 0.93 for runoff predictions and 0.85 < E_NS < 0.89 for erosion predictions). Given the important environmental differences between Normandy and southern France, the model rules were also adapted for application in the latter environment. Unfortunately, the quality of runoff predictions was insufficient to simulate erosion in southern France. In conclusion, STREAM is a reliable model providing satisfactory runoff and erosion predictions in the regions where hortonian overland flow dominates. Nevertheless, an adaptation of decision rules based on local multi-scale (plot, field, catchment) data is needed, before running the model. STREAM can then serve as a decision support tool to design for instance flood control measures.     

A bird's‐eye view of reservoirs in the Mississippi Basin tips a need for large‐scale coordination

Reservoirs are mostly managed at local scales as spatially independent units. A basin‐scale perspective may increase awareness at a broader scope and generate insight not evident at local scales. We examined the array of reservoir attributes and fisheries in the Mississippi Basin to identify management opportunities. The basin is the third largest in the world and includes over 1,700 reservoirs >100 ha, the most of any river basin. Our bird's‐eye view shows a piecemeal approach where reservoirs are mostly administered at the local level. Basin‐wide or catchment coordination to holistically address problems that recur across the basin is mostly lacking. A basin‐wide coordination arrangement could facilitate various facets of reservoir management. We reviewed governance arrangements in major river basins across the globe and concluded that the basin‐wide administrative layer we encourage for the Mississippi Basin may already exist in some basins but may not be directly applicable everywhere.     

临沂市城市土地集约利用评价研究

临沂市人多地少,进行城市土地集约利用评价,对进一步促进其土地集约利用意义重大。在分析临沂市城市土地利用存在问题的基础上,结合土地利用的各项指标数据,选取相应的评价指标体系,对山东省的济南、青岛、日照、东营、菏泽和临沂市6个城市的用地集约程度进行定量化对比评价分析。     

临沂市土地利用总体规划实施评价

为对《1997-2010年临沂市土地利用总体规划》的实施效果进行科学、客观地分析评价和对即将开展的《2005-2020年临沂市土地利用总体规划》编制工作做出理论探讨,在确定评价标准的基础上,运用多指标综合评价方法,对每项指标进行评价,再使用几何平均法合成总评价值。结果表明：临沂市土地利用总体规划在实施中各方面比较协调,产生了一定的效果。