不同授粉方式下樱桃成本收益分析——以山西省临猗县为例

根据2020年对山西省临猗县樱桃种植户调研数据,运用成本收益法研究樱桃种植户不同授粉方式下的成本收益情况,并进行比较分析.结果表明:樱桃生产过程中,底肥和追肥的投入占总成本的比重最大,同时人工成本也是农业生产过程的重要投入因素.不同授粉方式下农户的成本收益存在明显差异,每667m2樱桃的净收益由小到大顺序为:自然授粉＜...     

沟蚀发生的地貌临界理论计算中数据获取方法及应用

沟蚀发生是一种地貌临界现象,与沟头处局地坡度及上方汇水面积有关,而沟蚀发生地貌临界理论能够预测沟头可能发生的位置。该文从沟蚀发生地貌临界理论起源、数据获取方式、参数计算方法、影响因素及应用等方面综合评述了该理论的发展及近年来国内外的有关研究。数据获取方式主要包括野外实测、高清遥感影像及地形图测量。参数计算方法包括目视(下限值)法、正交回归(95%置信区间下限)、正交回归(下限值)及分位数回归等。相对剪切力指数值反映区域主要的沟蚀发生机制,临界常数值反映当前特定外界环境下的沟蚀发生临界条件。将相对剪切力指数固定后,临界常数的时间序列变化能够表征外界环境改变对沟蚀发生的影响。人类活动改变了沟头上方汇流环境,进而影响临界条件。沟蚀发生地貌临界理论可获取沟道侵蚀风险较大的区域,为沟道侵蚀防治措施布设提供参考。结合高分辨率地形图,增加表征人类活动影响汇流过程的参数能够丰富沟蚀发生地貌临界理论。该理论与已有沟道侵蚀发展模型结合,可将沟头发生位置和沟道发展过程统一,促进沟道侵蚀全过程的模拟。     

Sediment transport from continuous monitoring in a perennial Mediterranean stream

Sediment transport in the Ribera Salada stream was estimated from continuous suspended and bedload monitoring between 2005 and 2008. The Ribera Salada basin is a mountainous perennial river in the Southern Pyrenees and is representative of the extensive forestry land use in this upland region. Water and sediment fluxes have been analysed with the aim of determining the thresholds, duration, ranges and relative contributions of the two sediment transport modes (suspended and bedload), and their variability in relation to the basin's annual hydrology. The stream's hydrology in the first two sampling years was average in the context of a 10-yr series of the basin, while 2007–2008 can be classified as a wet year. The specific total sediment load during the study period amounted to 12 t km⁻²y⁻¹, a low value compared with similar Mediterranean counterparts. The maximum load (31.5 t km⁻²y⁻¹) was observed during the wettest year of the monitoring programme. During average years most of the total load (> 90%) was transported in suspension; consequently, suspended sediment transport is more frequent through time. In contrast, bedload occurs sporadically during floods that exceed certain hydraulic thresholds, corresponding to a flow equalled or exceeded 4% of the time, that yields an average shear stress of ∼ 35 N m⁻². Under such conditions bedload transport becomes relevant and, if the threshold is frequently exceeded as in relatively wet years such as 2007–2008, may constitute the majority of the total sediment load (74%). This paper provides new evidence of the distinct role of sediment transport modes in stable fluvial environments where only sporadic inputs of surplus energy (flow discharge) determine the dominant mode, magnitude and duration of their respective contribution.     

Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CO2 and CH4 soil-atmosphere exchange of various land use/cover types in a semi-arid grassland in Inner Mongolia, China

The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of soil moisture and temperature as well as drying/re-wetting and freezing/thawing on soil-atmosphere exchange of CO₂ and CH₄ of the four dominant land use/cover types (typical steppe, TS; sand dune, SD; mountain meadow, MM; marshland, ML) in the Xilin River catchment, China. For this purpose, intact soil cores were incubated in the laboratory under varying soil moisture and temperature levels according to field conditions in the Xilin River catchment. CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes were determined approximately daily, while soil CH₄ gas profile measurements at four soil depths (5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm) were measured at least twice per week. Land use/cover generally had a substantial influence on CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes, with the order of CH₄ uptake and CO₂ emission rates of the different land use/cover types being TS ≥ MM ≥ SD > ML and MM > TS ≥ SD > ML, respectively. Significant negative soil moisture and positive temperature effects on CH₄ uptake were found for most soils, except for ML soils. As for CO₂ flux, both significant positive soil moisture and temperature effects were observed for all the soils. The combination of soil moisture and temperature could explain a large part of the variation in CO₂ (up to 87%) and CH₄ (up to 68%) fluxes for most soils. Drying/re-wetting showed a pronounced stimulation of CO₂ emissions for all the soils —with maximum fluxes of 28.4 ± 2.6, 50.0 ± 5.7, 81.9 ± 2.7 and 10.6 ± 1.2 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹ for TS, SD, MM and ML soils, respectively—but had a negligible effect on CH₄ fluxes (TS: −3.6 ± 0.2; SD: 1.0 ± 0.9; MM: −4.1 ± 1.3; ML: −5.6 ± 0.8; all fluxes in μg C m⁻² h⁻¹). Enhanced CO₂ emission and CH₄ oxidation were observed for all soils during thawing periods. In addition, a very distinct vertical gradient of soil air CH₄ concentrations was observed for all land use/cover types, with gradually decreasing CH₄ concentrations down to 30 cm soil depth. The changes in soil air CH₄ concentration gradients were in accordance with the changes of CH₄ fluxes during the entire incubation experiment for all soils.     

The effects of ecoregions and local environmental characteristics on spatial patterns in boreal riverine fish assemblages

The conservation, management and monitoring of aquatic resources should benefit from understanding their spatial structuring. In this paper, we used the reference condition approach (RCA) to test if the variability in biotic communities, riverine fish assemblages in the present case, is better controlled with a spatial delineation based on ecoregions or by grouping rivers with local catchment characteristics. Electrofishing data from 493 riffles in 99 rivers in Finland were used in the analysis. We completed multivariate analyses (nonmetric multidimensional scaling, multiresponse permutation procedures) to identify differences in fish community composition among groups based on ecoregions or catchment characteristics. We concluded that both regional processes and local environmental characteristics structured fish populations, and bioassessment of freshwaters should be based on regional spatial delineations, supported by local scale characteristics. Spatial delineations like ecoregions should be used to assist the bioassessment to improve the efficiency to detect the human impacts.     

Do network relationships matter? Comparing network and instream habitat variables to explain densities of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in mid‐coastal Oregon,USA

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集蓄径流技术在河北山区建设中的应用及集流效果

根据河北山区的自然条件特点和集蓄径流技术在河北山区建设中的应用情况,归纳总结出河北山区集蓄径流的5类集流手段与技术措施,然后通过实例和实测结果对集蓄径流技术的集流效果进行了分析研究。     

Application of the EROSION 3D model to the CATSOP watershed, The Netherlands

This paper describes the application of the EROSION 3D soil erosion model to the CATSOP catchment in the Netherlands using data of 10 storms from the period of 1987 to 1993. Based on observed runoff data the model was calibrated by adjusting initial soil moisture. The computations result in a raster map showing the spatial pattern of predicted erosion and deposition within the catchment. The map corresponds qualitively well with reality. For a quantitative evaluation, the model results were compared with observed sediment data measured at the channel when it leaves the catchment. The comparison shows that simulated soil loss was generally too high. This discrepancy might be caused by weak input data and the presence of processes—such as erosion and deposition within the channel—which are not covered by the model.     

Combining eight research areas to foster the uptake of ecosystem‐based management in fresh waters

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Budyko-Fu模型下气候季节性指标中水热变化时相差的选取研究

流域水热耦合过程研究中,Budyko理论近年来得到了广泛的应用,其中又以傅抱璞公式（Budyko-Fu）比较著名。本研究在Budyko-Fu模型下,对其控制性参数ω与3种气候季节性指标的关系分别进行了分析。3种气候季节性指标包括SI1—考虑年内月降水量距平特征,SI2—考虑用正弦曲线模拟降水量与潜在蒸散季节变化时各自的振幅差别特征,以及SAI—在SI2的基础上进一步考虑降水量与潜在蒸散季节变化的相位差别。文章探讨了SAI指标计算中降水量与潜在蒸散季节相位取值年际变化与否的影响,由此形成SAI1和SAI2两个指标;随后比较了不同气候季节性指标在径流变化模拟中的应用效果。结果表明,在流域尺度水热耦合年际过程分析中,若气候季节性指标采用SAI2,即同一流域水热变化时相差由多年平均状况确定,且年际间保持不变,则效果较好;由此季节性指标结合NDVI数据给出的参数ω半经验公式的决定系数（R²）达到了0.746。在此基础上应用Budyko-Fu公式,流域年径流量的模拟精度显著提高。