苹果树种植对黄土旱塬土壤蒸发的影响

以陕西长武旱塬为例,分别对研究区农地和5个不同林龄(9、12、16、19 a和23 a)苹果园的土壤剖面氢氧稳定同位素进行测定,利用Craig-Gordon模型定量估算其土壤平均蒸发量,并基于“空间换时间”方法分析果园种植及生长对土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明：农地及9、12、16、19、23 a林龄苹果园的土壤蒸发量均随苹果树的种植及生长呈现先减少再增大的趋势,年均蒸发量分别为129、104、89、119、128、136 mm;苹果园的土壤蒸发量变化与叶面积指数呈显著负相关(R=-0.713);苹果园种植的前中期(9～12 a)土壤蒸发量随叶面积指数增加逐渐减小,而在中后期(12～23 a)深层土壤水被大量消耗造成的干旱胁迫使得果树叶面积减少,从而导致林下土壤蒸发量又逐渐增大。     

Assessment of the socio-economic impacts associated with the arrival of apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in Mwea irrigation scheme,Kenya

Background

In Kenya, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is mainly produced under irrigation by small-scale farmers. Mwea irrigation scheme (MIS) in Kirinyaga County accounts for 80–88% of rice production. Here, rice is the main source of livelihood and a source of revenue generation for the county. However, a recently established invasive freshwater snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (family: Ampullariidae), a species of apple snail, presents a serious threat to rice production.

Results

Household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlight apple snail as a serious problem in MIS. Households that observed at least a moderate level of infestation (>20% of cultivated area) experienced significant reductions in rice yield (~14%) and net rice income (~60%). Farmers reported increased use of chemical pesticides for management of apple snail. In addition, the cost of hired labor for physical removal of egg masses and snails is resulting in substantial negative effects on net income. Farmer age, area of land owned, responsibility for decision-making, receipt of extension advice, training, and membership of a farmer organization, were all statistically significant variables to explain farmers awareness of the need for area-wide apple snail management.

Conclusion

Strategies to limit the spread of apple snail are urgently needed. A Multi-Institutional Technical Team (MITT) has been established to spearhead management efforts and consolidate advice to farmers on how to manage apple snail. However, without action to mitigate spread, the consequences could be disastrous for rice production and food security in Kenya, and for other rice growing regions across Africa. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

利用苹果加工下脚料生产膳食纤维的研究

主要研究利用苹果加工后的下脚料生产膳食纤维的工艺流程、操作要点、产品质量标准及综合利用效益。     

Effects of arrangement of surge-rootirrigation emitters on growth,yield andwater use efficiency of apple trees

Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment. The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards. There were three factors: the buried depth H( 25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L( 30,40,60 cm) between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N( 1,2,4). The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency( IWUE) of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75% of the field water capacity. The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28 388. 17 kg/hm2 and 16. 83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively. At the same L and N levels( T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22% and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02% and 18.12% compared with T3,respectively. At the same H and N levels( T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level. Especially,when L was 30 cm( T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest. The same L and H levels( T3,T6,and T7) could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2( T3). Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%. Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.     

Inoculation of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees on M9 Rootstock with Azotobacter Improves Nutrient Uptake and Growth Indices

ABSTRACT

Roots of young ‘Golden Delicious’ apple on M9 rootstock were inoculated with four strains of Azotobacter chroococcum, which were isolated from various soils. Effects of these strains in combination with different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and compost on plant growth and nutrient uptake were studied over two seasons. Therefore, a factorial arrangement included four strains of A. chroococcum, two levels of N-fertilizer (0 and 35 mg N kg^?1soil of ammonium nitrate) and two levels of compost (0 and 12 g kg^?1 soil of air-dried vermicompost). Among the four strains, AFA₁₄₆ was the most beneficial strain, as it increased leaf area, leaf potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) uptake and root N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Mn, and Zn. The combination of AFA₁₄₆ strain, compost and N fertilizer increased leaf uptake of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B, and root uptake of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and copper (Cu), and root dry weight.     

‘富士’苹果不套袋与套袋密度对树体光合特性的影响

为进一步探讨不套袋与套袋对苹果品质影响的机理,以8年生‘富士’苹果（‘天红2号’/‘M26’/八棱海棠）为试验材料,共设5个套袋密度处理（不套袋、套袋1/3的果实、套袋1/2的果实、套袋2/3的果实、套袋所有果实）,所用果袋为小林果袋（双层纸袋,内红外棕）,研究不同套袋密度对果实套袋前（6月19日）、套袋后2天（6月21日）、套袋中（8月22日和9月27日）、摘袋后2天（10月9日）和采收后1天（11月3日）苹果叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,套袋不仅降低了苹果树冠层内的光照强度,而且显著降低了叶片的光合速率,而随着套袋密度的增加,苹果树冠层内的净光合速率显著降低,尤其是在8月和9月。5个处理的冠层光强、气孔导度、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和叶片比重的变化与净光合速率的变化基本一致,说明果实套袋导致叶片光合性能下降。套袋苹果光合速率的降低是由气孔导度的降低引起的,这可能与光照强度降低有关;而在9月光合速率的降低还可能与高温弱光,套袋苹果叶片出现非气孔限制有关。     

‘国光’苹果及其红色芽变花青苷合成与相关酶活性的研究

 以‘国光’苹果及其红色芽变为试材, 测定了果实发育期间的花青苷含量及其相关酶活性,并研究了套袋对芽变花青苷合成的影响。结果显示: ①在果实发育期间, 芽变果皮的花青苷含量明显高于‘国光’, 尤其是成熟期芽变果皮花青苷含量为132170 U·g^-1FW, 而‘国光’仅为49140 U·g^-1FW; ②在果实发育期间, 两个品种间PAL 和UFGT的酶活性无明显差异, 但芽变的CHI和DFR酶活性明显高于‘国光’, 表明芽变花青苷合成能力的提高与CHI和DFR酶活性高有关; ③套袋抑制芽变果皮花青苷的合成, 但解袋后花青苷的含量极显著升高, 解袋后4种酶的变化趋势差异较大, CHI和UFGT活性均迅速升高, 明显高于对照, 这与解袋后花青苷迅速合成相吻合。综上结果, 芽变与原有品种在着色机理上的关键指标是果皮花青苷含量和CHI酶活性。     

MdMYB1转录因子调控红星苹果果实着色的计算机模拟分析及表达验证

 从‘红星’苹果(Malus domestica‘Delicious’) 果实中克隆获得了MdMYB1基因, 通过生物信息学分析( in silico analysis) 和活体细胞融合蛋白荧光观察, 确定其编码蛋白定位于细胞核。同时, 克隆了MdDFR和MdUFGT基因的启动子, 模拟分析表明2个基因的启动子序列中含有MYB结合的顺式作用元件。为了探讨MdMYB1转录因子是否调控MdDFR和MdUFGT基因的表达, 对不同光照条件下果皮花青素含量和基因表达进行了检测, 结果表明光照能够诱导花青素积累, 并迅速启动3个基因表达, 且3个基因表现出高度相似的表达模式, 表明MdMYB1转录因子可能直接调控MdDFR和MdUFGT基因的表达。     

苹果可溶性固形物含量的检测方法——基于可见光近红外光谱技术

为了快速检测苹果的可溶性固形物(SSC)含量,采用可见光近红外光谱技术,结合主成分分析(PCA)和BP神经网络技术,来建立苹果SSC的预测模型.获取苹果样本在345～1039 nm波段的漫反射光谱,采用DPS数据处理系统对其进行主成分分析,并提取出累计可信度大于95 %的5个新主成分.建立一个3层的BP神经网络模型,并将这5个新的主成分作为BP神经网络模型的输入量,其结果是98 %以上预测样本的预测相对误差在5 %以下.该研究表明,采用近红外光谱技术来建立苹果可溶性固形物的预测模型是可行的.     

苹果赤霉素信号转导因子MdGAMYB的克隆和表达分析

以‘长富2号’苹果为试验材料,从其短枝顶芽中克隆得到1个赤霉素信号转导因子MdGAMYB,对其进行生物信息学和表达分析。结果表明,MdGAMYB的开放阅读框(ORF)长度为1 656bp,编码551个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为59.741 kD。生物信息学分析表明MdGAMYB编码的蛋白存在多个糖基化位点和磷酸化位点;序列分析表明,Md GAYMB和其他物种的GAMYB蛋白有很高的相似性,均含有保守的R2R3 DNA结合域和GAMYB家族所特有的Box1,Box2和Box3保守区域;系统进化分析表明,Md GAYMB与梨、梅花、草莓、枣和葡萄等的GAMYB蛋白具有较高的同源性。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,Md GAYMB具有组织表达特异性,在叶片、花和芽中的表达量较高。外源GA3处理抑制了花芽孕育和翌年成花,抑制MdGAMYB的表达。在易成花品种‘烟富6号’中的表达量高于难成花品种‘长富2号’。