氮肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响(英文)

[目的]了解柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化在不同温度下对不同氮肥施用量的影响关系,为构建果园生态系统的碳循环模型提供参数。[方法]采用室内模拟试验,在10、20、30℃3个温度条件下,研究施肥施用对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响。[结果]3种温度处理下,各施氮处理土壤有机碳矿化速率都表现为培养前期快速下降,培养后期保持相对稳定的趋势。在整个培养过程中,3种温度条件下各施氮处理的土壤CO2累积排放量为1328.25~2219.42mg/kg,100mg/kg(N4)处理土壤有机碳矿化量最大,CK处理最低,100mg/kg(N4)和80mg/kg(N3)2个高氮处理显著高于低氮50mg/kg(N2)、30mg/kg(N1)处理。土壤有机碳矿化速率随温度升高而增长,不同的土壤施氮条件下土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性不同,N2处理土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性最低,N4处理最高。柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化受高施氮量影响较大,低施氮影响不明显。[结论]随着施氮量的增加土壤有机碳矿化的温度敏感性增加,氮肥施用和温度的共同作用可能使柑橘林向大气中排放的CO2增加。     

控释肥用量对棉花生长特性和土壤肥力的影响

以国抗棉GK12号为供试材料,以等养分量复合肥作对照,研究不同控释肥施用量对大田棉花生长和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,控释肥处理的棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积均较普通复合肥具有优势。控释肥对大田果枝数、桃数影响显著。在施氮量为75 kg hm-2和150 kg hm-2条件下,控释肥处理的棉花产量较复合肥处理分别增加18.9%和13.6%。在多个棉花生育期,与复合肥处理相比,控释肥处理提高了0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层硝态氮含量,未对土壤的铵态氮含量造成显著影响,土壤中有效磷和速效钾含量与普通复肥处理间未出现显著的差异。     

Influences of forest tending works on carbon distribution and cycling in a Pinus densiflora S. et Z. stand in Korea

This study was conducted to determine carbon (C) dynamics following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities conducted by Korean forest police and managers. We measured organic C storage (above- and below-ground biomass C, forest floor C, and soil C at 50 cm depth), soil environmental factors (soil CO₂ efflux, soil temperature, soil water content, soil pH, and soil organic C concentration), and organic C input and output (litterfall and litter decomposition rates) for one year in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. This forest was thinned in 2005 as a representative FTW practice. The total C stored in tree biomass was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the FTW stand (40.17 Mg C ha⁻¹) than in the control stand (64.52 Mg C ha⁻¹). However, C storage of forest floor and soil layers measured at four different depths was not changed by FTW, except for that at the surface soil depth (0–10 cm). The organic C input due to litterfall and output due to needle litter decomposition were both significantly lower in the FTW stand than in the control stand (2.02 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 2.80 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 308 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹ vs. 364 g C kg⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, both P < 0.05). Soil environmental factors were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by FTW, except for soil CO₂ efflux rates and organic C concentration at soil depth of 0–20 cm. The mean annual soil CO₂ efflux rates were the same in the FTW (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) and control (0.24 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹) stands despite monthly variations of soil CO₂ efflux over the one-year study period. The mean soil organic C concentration at a soil depth of 0–20 cm was lower in the FTW stand (81.3 g kg⁻¹) than in the control stand (86.4 g kg⁻¹) but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, the mean soil temperature was significantly higher, the mean soil water content was significantly lower, and the soil pH was significantly higher in the FTW stand than in the control stand (10.34 °C vs. 8.98 °C, 48.2% vs. 56.4%, and pH 4.83 vs. pH 4.60, respectively, all P < 0.05). These results indicated that FTW can influence tree biomass C dynamics, organic C input and output, and soil environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content and soil pH, while soil C dynamics such as soil CO₂ efflux rates and soil organic C concentration were little affected by FTW in a red pine stand.     

土地利用方式对南方红壤养分状况的影响

土壤养分是土壤学研究重点,是衡量土壤生产力的综合指标,而土地利用方式则是人类活动影响土壤养分变化最直接、最重要、最普遍的因素。随着人类活动对土地利用的范围不断扩大、强度不断加剧,进而对土壤养分造成了不同程度的影响,尤其是对南方红壤的影响。目前,该区域土壤养分退化严重,综述近10年国内外的相关文献,在土地利用方式改变下,以土壤的物理性质、有机质、氮磷钾的动态变化趋势对土壤养分进行分析和总结,以期更准确地预测和评估不同管理措施对土壤质量的影响,并及时采取有效措施,调整生产结构,降低土壤环境污染,提高土壤性能。     

烟田土壤调理剂的研究与应用现状

综述了土壤调理剂分类、功能,同时阐述了它在烟草上的应用情况,总结了土壤调理剂在施用过程中存在的问题,并且对其应用前景进行了展望.     

土壤质量评价国内外研究进展

阐述了土壤质量及土壤质量评价的内涵,并从土壤质量评价的3个过程,即评价指标的筛选、评价指标权重的确定、评价方法的选择分别进行了分析。目前土壤质量评价工作中指标体系最小数据集筛选方法、评价指标转化的数学模型、定量化评价方法是当前土壤质量评价研究的热点。     

Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应研究

泽兰实蝇(Procecidochares utilis Stone)是目前入侵杂草紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)的一种重要天敌, 但在重金属污染的矿区泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的植株寄生率明显降低。故利用同心圆采样法在云南兰坪金顶铅锌矿区5 km范围内采集土壤、紫茎泽兰及泽兰实蝇并测定重金属含量, 以研究重金属在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应, 探讨重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制。结果表明: 土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中Pb、Zn和Cd含量随着距矿中心距离的增加而极显著下降, Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎系统中的富集系数分别为0.205~0.614、0.058~0.079和0.222~0.398, 平均值分别为0.453、0.067和0.315, 在紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的富集系数分别为1.06~7.69、9.68~20.13和1.13~1.56, 平均值分别为2.47、12.83和1.42。Cd和Zn属于强聚集, Pb属于很强聚集的元素。本研究结果证明, Pb、Zn和Cd可以在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统逐级传递富集, 并初步阐明了重金属Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的传递规律。这丰富了重金属污染的生态毒理学效应, 为进一步研究重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制奠定了基础。     

高寒草甸根系分布特征及与土壤温湿度关系的研究

植被根系的分布特征是其适应和改变环境能力的体现,研究植被根系对草地生态系统的可持续发展有重要意义。本研究以怒江源区那曲流域不同海拔梯度的高寒草甸作为研究对象,采用微根管技术探讨根系的分布特征,并分析其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：高寒草甸根系对季节变化响应敏感,约有80%的根系分布在0～25 cm的土层,且分布较均匀,细根在土壤中所占比例随土壤深度增加而增大;进一步分析发现,海拔越高,根系越往土壤较浅层分布,特征参数呈现降低趋势。冗余分析表明,土壤温湿度呈正相关关系时,两者主要通过影响根径大于0.5 mm的根来影响根系参数;呈负相关关系时,根系在土壤表层对土壤温度的变化更为敏感。     

Root growth conditions in the topsoil as affected by tillage intensity

Many studies have reported impeded root growth in topsoil under reduced tillage or direct drilling, but few have quantified the effects on the least limiting water range for root growth. This study explored the effects of tillage intensity on critical soil physical conditions for root growth in the topsoil. Samples were taken from a 7-year tillage experiment on a Danish sandy loam at Foulum, Denmark (56°30′ N, 9°35′ E) in 2008. The main crop was spring barley followed by either dyer's woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) or fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cover crops as subtreatment. The tillage treatments were direct drilling (D), harrowing 8-10 cm (H), and ploughing (P) to 20 cm depth. A chisel coulter drill was used in the H and D treatments and a traditional seed drill in the P treatment. Undisturbed soil cores were collected in November 2008 at soil field moisture capacity from the 4-8 and 12-16 cm depths.We estimated the critical aeration limit from either 10% air-filled porosity (ε_a) or relative gas diffusivity (D/D₀) of 0.005 or 0.02 and found a difference between the two methods. The critical limit of soil aeration was best assessed by measuring gas diffusivity directly. Root growth was limited by a high penetration resistance in the D and H soils (below tillage depth). Poor soil aeration did not appear to be a significant limiting factor for root growth for this sandy loam soil, irrespective of tillage treatment. The soil had a high macroporosity and D/D₀ exceeded 0.02 at field capacity. Fodder radish resulted in more macropores, higher gas diffusivity and lower pore tortuosity compared to dyer's woad. This was especially important for the H treatment where compaction was a significant problem at the lower depths of the arable layer (10-20 cm depth). Our results suggest that fodder radish could be a promising tool in the amelioration of soil compaction.     

Carbon isotopic ratios of wetland and terrace soil sequences in the Maya Lowlands of Belize and Guatemala

This article provides new data and synthesizes earlier findings on the carbon isotope ratios of the humin part of soil organic matter from a range of sites in the central Maya Lowlands. Changes down the soil profile in carbon isotope ratios can provide an important line of evidence for vegetation change and erosion over time, especially in well dated aggrading profiles. Research thus far has provided substantial evidence for significant inputs from C₄ vegetation in buried layers from the Ancient Maya periods in depositional soils but equivocal evidence from sloping soils. We present new findings from soil profiles through ancient Maya wetland fields, upland karst wetlands, ancient Maya aguadas (reservoirs), and ancient Maya terraces. Most of the profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment greater than the 2.5–3‰ typical from bacterial fractionation. Seven of nine ancient Maya wetland profiles showed δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 4.25 to 8.56‰ in ancient Maya-dated sediments that also contained phytolith and pollen evidence of grass (C₄ species) dominance. Upland karst sinks and ancient reservoirs produced more modest results for δ¹³C enrichment. These seasonal wetland profiles exhibited δ¹³C enrichment ranging from 1 to 7.3‰ from the surface to ancient Maya-period sediments. Agricultural terraces produced mixed results, with two terraces having substantial δ¹³C enrichment of 5.34 and 5.66‰ and two producing only equivocal results of 1.88 and 3.03‰ from modern topsoils to Maya Classic-period buried soils. Altogether, these findings indicate that C₄ plants made up c. 25% of the vegetation at our sites in the Maya Classic period and only a few percent today. These findings advance the small corpus of studies from ancient terraces, karst sinks, and ancient wetland fields by demonstrating substantial δ¹³C and thus C₄ plant enrichment in soil profile sections dated to ancient Maya times. These studies are also providing a new line of evidence about local and regional soil and ecological change in this region of widespread environmental change in the Late Holocene.