Use of two PGPR strains in the integrated management of blast disease in rice (Oryza sativa) in Southern Spain

Biocontrol capacity of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains, against blast disease in rice paddy fields in Southern Spain was studied in three cropping seasons. Both strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens Aur 6 and Chryseobacterium balustinum Aur 9) had already shown biocontrol capacity against pathogens, ability to induce systemic resistance against leaf pathogens and against salt stress in different plant species. Bacterial treatments were carried out on seeds and/or on leaves. Strains were inoculated individually and in combination. Protection against natural disease incidence was evaluated, and rice production and quality measured in 2005 and 2006 trials. In 2004, natural disease incidence was low (between 0.1% and 0.35% of damaged leaf surface) due to environmental conditions; under these conditions, both strains significantly protected plants against rice blast. In 2005, disease incidence was higher than in 2004, reaching higher values of affected leaf surface in controls. In these conditions, each strain individually protected rice against rice blast, although the combination of both strains was the most effective treatment. All three treatments (Aur 6, Aur 9 and Aur 6 + Aur 9) reached 50% protection in panicles, with Aur 9 being the most effective. In 2006, the most effective treatment was the combination of both strains on leaves in three physiological stages, suggesting a biocontrol mediated protection. On the other hand, when bacteria were applied to seeds, disease incidence decreased up to 50%, suggesting induction of systemic resistance. Finally, a direct relation between protection mediated by the PGPR and the increase in rice productivity (mT/ha) and quality (weight of 1000 seeds and number of intact grains after milling) was found.     

硼肥在水稻生产上应用效果对比试验

通过在水稻苗期、初花期、齐穗期和灌浆期喷施不同种类的硼肥与空白对照进行对比试验,结果表明:喷施硼肥可增强植株的抗逆性,有利于减少水稻病害的发生,还可改善株型,增强抗倒伏能力;喷施硼肥可以增加水稻的株高、穗长、分蘖数、穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,可以提高水稻产量,各处理的产量均高于对照,增产55.2～93.4 kg/667 m2,增产率12.4%～17.6%,其中产量最高的是速乐硼30 g/667 m2,实际产量达624.1 kg/667 m2,增产率17.6%,增产效果显著。     

水稻粉垄耕作生长及生理特性研究

以两系超级杂交水稻(Oryza sativa L.)桂两优2号为供试品种,通过田间研究比较常规耕作和粉垄耕作条件下水稻生长及生理特性.结果表明,粉垄耕作方式有利于水稻植株分蘖中后期的分蘖生长,全生育期白根多、活力强,叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)极显著高于常规耕作,叶片净光合速率高,并且持绿时间长,利于光合同化物的生产积累;成熟期地上部干物质积累量显著高于常规耕作,有效穗较常规耕作多27.6万/hm2,因而产量增加显著,增产约20.36％.     

干尖线虫病对不同水稻品种（系）产量相关性状的影响

[目的]该研究旨在了解干尖线虫病对不同水稻品种的影响。[方法]通过田间表型观察与室内考种试验,对自然发病状态下的4个常规粳稻品种（系）和粳稻恢复系 R161进行了观察和分析。[结果]不同水稻品种（系）被侵染后的症状存在差异,常规粳稻宁1707、宁1818、镇稻88和南粳9108被侵染后表现"干尖"和"小穗头"症状,粳稻恢复系R161只表现"干尖",不表现"小穗头"症状,且"干尖"的位置不同,分别位于剑叶叶尖,整片剑叶及倒二叶。供试材料被水稻干尖线虫侵染后均能抽穗,但是株高、穗长、结实率和千粒重均受到不同程度的影响。此外,R161被干尖线虫侵染后,不同发病部位对水稻产量的影响不同,整片剑叶干枯扭曲的稻穗受影响最大。[结论]该研究为进一步阐明我国水稻干尖线虫病的危害规律和制定相应的防治措施提供依据。     

Nitrous oxide emission measurement with acetylene inhibition method in paddy fields under flood conditions

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from flooded rice paddy fields was continuously measured by the closed chamber method at an experimental plot in Thailand for a whole cultivation period. To characterize the N₂O emission with regard to the denitrification N loss, the C₂H₂ inhibition method was applied. Flood water on the soil greatly suppressed the N₂O emission. The N₂O emission was mitigated considerably by even a thin film of the flood water. The overall average N₂O emissions under flood conditions for one crop season (83 days) at the control site and the C₂H₂ treated site were 10.3 and 11.8 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The N₂O emission from the C₂H₂ treated site was consistently higher than that from the control site and the N₂O emission from both sites followed the same diurnal and seasonal variation pattern, indicating the effect of denitrification inhibition by the supplied C₂H₂. The N₂O emission enhanced along with temperature increase when NO₃–N concentration in the soil water was above 0.4 mg N l⁻¹ and soil temperature was above 24°C, suggesting specific temperature influence over the emission. The increase in NO₃–N concentration and temperature in the soil affected only the N₂O emission while the difference in the emission at the C₂H₂ treated site and the control site was not so much affected. It was suggested that most of the actively produced N₂O under higher NO₃–N concentration and temperature would likely to quickly emit to the atmosphere rather than to undergo further reduction to N₂.     

叶面喷施调节肥对寒地水稻生长及产量形成的影响

以水稻空育131(主茎11叶)为材料,通过叶面喷施调节肥,比较了不同处理之间水稻生长及产量形成的差异,确定了适宜的调节肥施用量及喷叶期。结果表明:调节肥叶喷施用量为整个生育期氮肥用量的10%和15%更有利于提高水稻成穗率和增加平方米茎数,其中15%施用量对各节间长度的配比效果最佳;3个处理均显著提高了抽穗后15～20 d干物质积累量,其中6.1～6.5叶期喷干物质积累为最多,8.1～8.5叶期喷次之。     

栽培方式对陆两优996产量形成与氮利用效率的影响

在施氮180kg/hm2与不施氮条件下,比较了宽窄行和等行距两种栽培方式对超级杂交早稻陆两优996产量形成特性与氮利用效率的影响。结果表明:(1)与等行距栽培相比,宽窄行栽培具有一定的增产作用,增产原因在于:促进分蘖,提高有效穗数;促进穗分化,提高每穗总粒数;增大叶面积,延缓叶片衰老,促进物质积累;降低茎鞘物质输出率,改善源库关系。(2)与等行距栽培相比,宽窄行栽培的氮素累积量、氮肥利用率与氮素吸收效率显著提高,氮收获指数与氮素利用效率显著下降,而氮生理效率与氮肥效率变化不大。     

水稻苗床地复种大豆品种筛选试验

水稻苗床地种植大豆,品种选择是关键。试验通过对14个大豆品种(系)进行田间调查、室内考种和产量鉴定筛选出适宜佳木斯地区水稻苗床地不同播期种植的大豆品种。结果表明,6月1～5日苗床复种可种植:安01-1233、安02-348、丰收25、垦丰11等;6月6～10日苗床复种可种植:丰收27、北豆10、北03-96等;6月11～15日苗床复种可种植:合丰42、合丰37等。     

耐低钾基因型水稻成熟期籽粒淀粉与蛋白质含量变化

以2个耐低钾基因型水稻N18,N19和1个低钾敏感型水稻N27为材料,在缺钾条件下,分析耐低钾基因型水稻籽粒在成熟期淀粉含量、蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明：在不施钾肥即缺钾条件下,耐低钾基因型水稻籽粒中总淀粉含量较低钾敏感型的略有增加,且直链淀粉含量占总淀粉含量的比例低于钾敏感型;耐低钾基因型水稻籽粒中可溶性蛋白质含量也较低钾敏感型的高,但是钾元素的含量差异并不明显。     

武陵山区杂交水稻育种目标与策略初探

针对武陵山区气候生态条件复杂的特点,以市场为导向,结合多年育种实践,提出武陵山区杂交水稻育种目标:在以"优质高产多抗广适"为总体育种目标的基础上,以不育系和恢复系的米质和抗性选育为突破口,重点开展抗稻瘟病和耐寒育种,达到优质高产多抗广适的有机统一.实现该目标的主要策略是:充分发掘和利用优异种质资源,加强区内育种单位之间的协作,建立多病圃对种质资源、亲本和组合进行联合鉴定筛选,通过病区胁迫选择、非病区选择与高海拔基地抗寒性鉴定相结合育成符合育种目标的新组合.经过多年努力,成功地鉴定或育成了一批优质抗病的恢复系、不育系和杂交组合,并相继通过各级水稻品种审定.