水稻品种种性研究 Ⅵ.晚籼稻优质品种数量性状遗传差异在选择亲本上的应用

35个华南地区水稻晚籼具有细长粒形的优质品种根据数量性状遗传差异进行系统聚类分析,分为6个类群。类群间差异比类群内大。表明水稻外观性状品质育种杂交亲本选配应在类群间进行。     

稻茬晚播小麦不同品种产量及群体特征和氮效应比较研究

为筛选出适合苏中地区稻茬晚播条件下种植的小麦品种,以苏中地区生产上大面积推广应用的宁麦14、宁麦19、苏麦188、扬麦16、扬麦22、扬辐麦4号、扬麦23和扬麦25为试验材料,比较了不同品种在晚播条件下生育进程、产量、群体结构特征、氮效率及抗倒性的差异。结果表明,晚播条件下,扬麦16、扬麦23、宁麦14以及宁麦19的生育进程略快于苏麦188及扬麦22,扬麦16和扬麦23较其他品种早熟1~2 d。两年度均以扬麦23产量最高(8 168.82 kg·hm^-2),其次为扬辐麦4号(8 124.06 kg·hm^-2),这两个品种生育前期干物质积累量高, LAI较大,花后旗叶叶绿素含量较高。扬麦16虽然越冬期有较大的生长量及分蘖发生量,熟期较早,但晚播条件下穗数不足,限制了其产量潜力的发挥。成熟期扬麦16和扬麦23的氮素积累量显著高于宁麦14和扬麦25,花后氮素积累量扬麦23最高。扬辐麦4号和扬麦23氮效率指标优于其他参试品种。扬辐麦4号抗倒伏指数最高,其次为扬麦23和扬麦25,抗倒性能均较好;扬麦22株高与重心高度低于其他品种,但茎秆质量较差。综合考虑,扬麦23和扬辐麦4号生育前期分蘖发生较快,中期群体结构协调,花后旗叶叶绿素含量较高,同时具有较好的抗倒性能,稻茬晚播条件下推荐选用。     

Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases(rust and late leaf spot)incur large yield losses,in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide.High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut,as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers.Marker-assisted backcrossing(MABC)is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using traitlinked markers.We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars(GJG 9,GG 20,and GJGHPS 1)for foliar disease resistance(FDR)and high oleic acid content.A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines(ILs)for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed.Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94%of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies.Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent,GPBD 4,and ILs with high(~80%)oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery.These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India.     

晚商时期殷墟池苑研究综述

殷墟为晚商时期的都城遗址,已考古发掘出大量的宫殿、陵墓、手工业作坊、路网及水网等遗迹,很多学者也展开了相关研究.对我国近20年来有关晚商殷墟池苑研究的文献资料进行梳理,发现晚商时期殷墟地区气候温和湿润,具备营造园林的社会、经济和技术条件,再结合建筑、水体等池苑构成要素及池苑功能方面的文献资料得出以下推论:晚商殷墟池苑是...     

北方露地中晚熟西瓜新品种龙盛3号的选育

龙盛3号是以HX17为母本、2047为父本杂交而成的适宜北方露地栽培的大果型西瓜一代杂种。中晚熟,全生育期97 d,果实发育期33 d。易坐果,果实圆形,果皮深绿底上覆墨绿色齿形条纹,果形端正,果个均匀,外观漂亮,商品性佳。果实耐裂、耐贮运。瓜瓤大红色,剖面均匀,瓤质脆,口感好,中心可溶性固形物含量12.5%以上。抗枯萎病,单瓜质量8~10 kg,适合北方地区露地栽培。     

甘肃河西走廊酿酒葡萄晚霜冻害对葡萄品质的影响及预防措施

针对甘肃河西走廊晚霜冻害严重的状况,研究晚霜冻害对酿酒葡萄品质的影响,分析并提出最佳预防措施,以减少晚霜冻害对葡萄产业带来的损失。通过对10多年葡萄晚霜冻害预防实践经验的总结,分析比较采取预防措施和未采取预防取措施条件下果实感官品质。结果表明,点明火并结合烟熏这一综合预防措施不仅可以有效预防晚霜冻害,经济节约,同时,采取这一措施后葡萄园产量基本未受冻害影响,与果实品质紧密相关的含糖量、单宁较其他措施有大幅度提高,同时果实感官评价得分较高。研究得出对甘肃河西走廊地区葡萄晚霜冻害预防经济有效的最佳措施,克服了目前晚霜冻害给该地区葡萄产业发展带来的制约,以进一步利用该地区得天独厚的自然条件,规模化发展葡萄种植。同时,为不同气候条件下,葡萄产区晚霜冻害的预防提供了成功经验和理论基础。     

SSR analysis of cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm resistant to rust and late leaf spot diseases

Cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an agronomically and economically important oilseed crop grown extensively throughout the semi-arid tropics of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Rust (Puccinia arachidis) and late leaf spot (LLS, Phaseoisariopsis personata) are among the major diseases causing significant yield loss in groundnut. The development of varieties with high levels of resistance has been constrained by adaptation of disease isolates to resistance sources and incomplete resistance in resistant sources. Despite the wide range of morphological diversity observed in the cultivated groundnut gene pool, molecular marker analyses have thus far been unable to detect a parallel level of genetic diversity. However, the recent development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers presents new opportunities for molecular diversity analysis of cultivate groundnut. The current study was conducted to identify diverse disease resistant germplasm for the development of mapping populations and for their introduction into breeding programs. Twenty-three SSRs were screened across 22 groundnut genotypes with differing levels of resistance to rust and LLS. Overall, 135 alleles across 23 loci were observed in the 22 genotypes screened. Twelve of the 23 SSRs (52%) showed a high level of polymorphism, with PIC values ≥0.5. This is the first report detecting such high levels of genetic polymorphism in cultivated groundnut. Multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analyses revealed three well-separated groups of genotypes. Locus by locus AMOVA and Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA identified candidate SSR loci that may be valuable for mapping rust and LLS resistance. The molecular diversity analysis presented here provides valuable information for groundnut breeders designing strategies for incorporating and pyramiding rust and late leaf spot resistances and for molecular biologists wishing to create recombinant inbred line populations to map these traits.E.S. Mace and D.T. Phong contributed equally to this work.     

双季晚稻不同类型品种产量及其群体动态特征差异研究

在长江中游双季稻地区(江西上高),以籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻4种类型20个具有代表性的品种为材料,采用湿润育秧大苗移栽种植方式,设置各类型品种最适的高产栽培处理,系统比较分析了不同类型水稻品种产量及其构成、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态与组成、光合势、干物质积累、群体生长率和净同化率等方面的差异,以期为双季稻区适宜品种的选用以及高产栽培提供理论依据与技术支撑。结果表明,双季晚稻不同类型品种产量表现为籼粳杂交稻杂交粳稻常规粳稻杂交籼稻,差异极显著。籼粳杂交稻群体产量最高的原因是在保持一定穗数的基础上,极显著增加每穗粒数,进而提高群体颖花量,同时保持稳定的结实率和千粒重。与杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻群体相比,籼粳杂交稻群体茎蘖数于生育前期稳步增长,在有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗,够苗后增长平缓,高峰苗数量较少、下降平缓,成穗率中等(73.19%左右);群体叶面积指数前期增长较缓,最大值出现在孕穗期,为7.93左右,此后平稳减少,抽穗期叶面积指数、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比均极显著增高,成熟期仍保持3.85以上;群体干物质积累量有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期少,拔节后干物质积累速度较快,孕穗期、抽穗期、乳熟期和成熟期显著或极显著增高,且生育中后期干物质积累比例高;群体光合势、群体生长率和净同化率表现为"前小,中高,后强"。     

不同抗早衰剂配方对杂交早稻后期叶片衰老的影响

以后期易早衰的春光2号为试验材料,研究了不同抗早衰剂对杂交早稻后期叶片衰老的影响。结果表明:施用不同抗早衰剂均能不同程度地提高功能叶的叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和维生素C含量,降低功能叶细胞膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和活性氧自由基(O2-.)产生速率,明显提高早稻的结实率和千粒重,延缓早稻的衰老,达到增产的效果。在4个不同抗早衰剂配方中,以抗早衰剂4号的效果最好,比喷清水对照增产10.0%,抗早衰剂1号次之,比喷清水对照增产9.0%,达到极显著或显著差异。