不同pH对海湾扇贝胚胎发育及幼虫生长发育的影响

为探究pH对海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradia)胚胎发育及幼虫生长发育的影响,本研究以pH 8.0~8.2为对照组,分析不同pH (分别为7.6~7.7、7.3~7.4、7.0~7.1和6.7~6.8)对海湾扇贝胚胎及幼虫的影响。结果显示,随着pH的降低,各实验组孵化率降低,畸形率增高,孵化时间延长,且幼虫个体明显小于对照组(P<0.05)。D形幼虫期与壳顶幼虫期幼虫存活率与生长速率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。幼虫发育至第8天时,pH 7.0~7.1与pH 6.7~6.8实验组的存活率分别为6.1%和5.6%,而对照组为75.2%,除pH 7.6~7.7组外,各实验组生长速率均在3.4 μm/d及以下,基本呈现生长停滞状态。眼点幼虫附着率与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),第7天时,pH 6.7~6.8实验组附着率仅为31.7%。研究表明,海水pH变化对海湾扇贝早期胚胎及幼虫生长发育具有显著影响,该研究为评估pH变化对海湾扇贝等经济贝类资源和养殖产业的影响提供了参考资料。     

非离子氨氮对罗氏沼虾幼体的毒性研究

通过非离子氨氮对罗氏沼虾幼体的急性致毒试验表明：Ⅴ期幼体９６ｈ的半致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）值为１．１４ｍｇ／Ｌ,安全浓度（ＳＣ）值为０．１１ｍｇ／Ｌ;Ⅸ期幼体９６ｈ的ＬＣ５０值为１．４０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＳＣ值为０．１４ｍｇ／Ｌ,建议在育苗期间加强水质管理,有效地控制水体中非离子氨氮的浓度。     

石油分散液对马粪海胆受精及胚胎发育的影响

采用马粪海胆胚胎为试验材料,研究了0^#柴油、船用柴油和船用重质燃料油分散液（WAF）对卵细胞、精子及胚胎发育的毒性效应,并通过色谱-质谱对3种油品分散液进行了组分分析。结果显示,石油烃使精卵受精能力下降,使整个受精过程完成的时间延后。马粪海胆精子对石油烃污染比卵细胞更为敏感,可以作为海洋石油污染的指示生物。3种油品分散液使得胚胎发育至2细胞期、4细胞期、8细胞期、16细胞期和囊胚期的时间延后,这种延后的现象随着发育进程和油品分散液浓度升高而愈发明显。可以推断3种油品分散液对于海胆胚胎生长发育过程的毒性顺序为：0号柴油〉船用柴油〉船用重质燃料油。     

Cu2+、Zn2 、Pb2 对七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)胚胎和初孵仔鱼的毒性效应

在(21.0±0.5)℃条件下,研究了Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+3种金属离子对七带石斑鱼胚胎和初孵仔鱼的毒性效应。结果表明:1)随着3种金属离子浓度的升高,受精卵的孵化速率和孵化率逐渐降低,畸形率逐渐增加。重金属引发胚胎发育发生各种畸形,如胚体增生异常而死亡、尾芽弯曲,仔鱼不能正常出膜而死亡,初孵仔鱼脊椎弯曲多呈L、S、V型或尾部未展开呈逗号状畸形。综合孵化速率、孵化率和畸形率等指标,可以看出,3种金属离子对胚胎发育的毒性大小依次为Cu2+Zn2+Pb2+;2)初孵仔鱼的毒性试验周期为96 h,随着时间加长,仔鱼的存活率逐渐降低,且金属离子浓度越大,其下降幅度越大。此外,仔鱼出现脊椎S、V型弯曲等畸形也越来越多。通过计算各时间段的半致死浓度(LC50)和安全浓度得出,3种金属离子对初孵仔鱼的毒性大小依次为Cu2+Pb2+Zn2+。本研究的一系列数据可以为新渔业水质标准的制定和水环境的监测提供理论参数,为七带石斑鱼等鱼类繁育养殖中的重金属监测与治理提供重要科学依据。     

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)仔稚幼鱼肠道菌群结构比较分析

采用MiSeq 16S rRNA高通量测序技术和生物信息学分析方法,构建了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)工厂化人工育苗模式下仔稚幼鱼阶段6个不同发育时期18个样品的16SrRNA基因测序文库,共获得7462个OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit),分类为42个菌门972个菌属.对肠道菌群的形成过程及结构多样性变化分析显示,牙鲆初孵仔鱼的菌群组成多样性丰富,体内的优势菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);在9日龄和21日龄摄食轮虫(Rotifer)和卤虫(Artemia sp.)幼体样品中,肠道的优势菌群结构较单一,变形菌门成为此时期肠道的优势菌群;45日龄摄食配合饲料后,肠道中变形菌门的相对丰度显著降低,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度明显增大,成为肠道菌群的优势菌群.在属水平的菌群结构中发现,牙鲆仔稚幼鱼肠道优势菌群的种类和数量都发生了较大变化,在9日龄和21日龄时期肠道中弧菌属(Vibrio)相对丰度最高,到45日龄后相对丰度锐减到最低水平;拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和普氏菌属(Prevotella)在80日龄后达到较高水平,成为肠道优势菌属;厚壁菌门的8个菌属在80-115日龄时期均发展成为优势菌属,定植于牙鲆的肠道.本研究揭示了工厂化人工育苗模式下牙鲆仔稚幼鱼肠道菌群结构及演替规律.     

高体鰤胚胎及仔稚幼鱼的形态观察

本文报道了高体（Ｓｅｒｉｏｌａｄｕｍｅｒｉｌｉ）受精卵的胚胎发育及仔稚幼鱼形态特征。在水温２２～２７℃范围内,受精卵随水温升高,孵化时间缩短。水温２３℃,经过３５ｈ１０ｍｉｎ,仔鱼破膜而出。初孵仔鱼全长为２．９２～３．１２ｍｍ;孵化后３天仔鱼开口,全长为３．８８～３．９８ｍｍ;孵化后２３天,稚鱼全长为１．００～１．３０ｍｍ,鳞片开始形成,鳍棘、鳍条均已分化形成;孵化后３２天,全长为２．０５～２．５６ｍｍ,幼鱼发育完全,体形和成鱼基本相似。     

光照对黄盖鲽仔鱼生长_发育及摄食的影响

光照对黄盖鲽仔鱼的生长、发育及摄食有显著影响,各组仔鱼的体长与体高在２０日时均产生极显著的差异;Ｄｕｎｃａｎ多范围检验表明：４０－６０ｌｘ光照度下仔鱼生长最好;在４０－７０００ｌｘ范围内随光照度的增强,生长则变差,存活率下降,畸形个体增加,暗条件下及３－６ｌｘ条件下的仔鱼在１２日龄时全部因饥饰物而死亡。在卵黄囊期的各组仔鱼不受外界环境影响,生长情况近似。４０－７０００ｌｘ光照度之间的５且在４日龄至     

Comparison of the nutritional transition date distributions of marbled sole larvae and juveniles in Hakodate Bay, Hokkaido

To examine survival processes in marbled sole Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae larvae, nutritional transition date distributions (NTDDs) were compared between larvae and large juveniles (LJs) in Hakodate Bay from 2001 to 2003. NTDDs were used instead of hatch date distributions because the onset of increment formation coincides with the timing of the transition from endogenous to exogenous nutritional sources for marbled sole. LJs were defined as being large enough to be safe from predation by the sand shrimp Crangon uritai. In 2001 and 2002, the ranges of the NTDDs of LJs largely overlapped with those of the larvae. However, in 2003, the early cohort (those whose otolith rings formed before 17 March) disappeared from the NTDDs during and after April, and the NTDDs of LJs were heavily biased toward a later period compared to those of the larvae. In 2003, Oyashio coastal water (<3°C and ≤33.0 salinity) unexpectedly intruded into the bay in late March and lowered the water temperature from 6.3°C on 6 March to 4.1°C on 25 March. One possible cause of mortality in the early cohort of 2003 may be feeding failure caused by the extremely low water temperature.     

Larval group differentiation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) inside and outside the Gullmar Fjord

The spatial and temporal occurrence of pelagic fish stages and their biological variability may affect their dispersal and survival, and ultimately fish recruitment. We collected Atlantic cod larvae at one station inside and at one station outside the Gullmar Fjord, eastern Skagerrak, in order to investigate small-scale larval group differentiation. Rectangular midwater trawl hauls were taken every 6 h (during 24 h) from three separate depth intervals between the surface and 70 m depth. About 80% and 20% of all larvae occurred above the halocline at the Fjord station and the Coastal station, respectively. Hatching (at both stations) occurred from the 3rd week in February to the 1st week in May, indicating that cod larvae were present for at least 5 months (from late February to early August). The length and hatch date frequency distributions of larvae from the surface layer were unimodal inside the fjord but bimodal outside the fjord. Analyses of seven microsatellite DNA loci indicated that larvae collected inside the fjord (where local spawning occurs) were genetically distinct from larvae sampled on the outside (F_ST = 0.0026). The two age cohorts outside the fjord were not, however, genetically different, nor were larvae collected at different depths. We conclude that small-scale variability of vertical concentration and larval life history variability should have consequences for interpreting models of larval dispersal and survival, and subpopulation structure analyses.     

多棘海盘车胚胎和早期幼虫发育

对室内培育的多棘海盘车Asterias amurensis胚胎和幼虫的发育以及外部形态进行了显微观察。多棘海盘车为雌雄异体,体外受精,成熟卵卵径为(130~150)μm,卵裂属完全均等型。水温为(10.5~11.5)℃时,受精卵经20min左右释放第1极体,约50min进行第1次卵裂,约7h时进入桑葚期,19h40min发育成为膜内旋转囊胚,23h40min发育成为脱膜旋转囊胚,26h30min发育成为早期原肠胚,纤毛幼虫(初孵幼虫)出现在46h,从受精到短腕幼虫历时25d。由纤毛幼虫到短腕幼虫的过程中幼虫体长经历了先增大后减小的过程。进一步发现,投喂混合饵料(小新月菱形藻Nitzschia closteriumf.minutissima和海洋红酵母Rhodomonas sp.1∶1)的幼虫发育速度比单独投喂小新月菱形藻的快,但差异不显著(P0.05)。