云南省松叶蜂科幼虫分类研究——幼虫形态与分属检索(膜翅目 广腰亚目)

松叶蜂是云南省森林的重要害虫.以成虫分类为基础,首次对云南省松叶蜂科(Diprionidae)幼虫进行分类研究.并通过饲养将同种成虫与幼虫联系起来.该部分回顾了幼虫分类历史,描述了幼虫外部形态,编制了云南省5个属幼虫检索表.     

清江河多鳞白甲鱼胚胎发育观察

为了提高尖翅燕鱼 (Platax teira) 的卵孵化率和苗种成活率,并为人工催产和苗种繁育提供理论依据,观察分析了尖翅燕鱼受精卵胚胎发育和仔稚鱼发育的时序特征,对其形态学指标进行测量,推算出仔稚鱼阶段生长特性的回归方程。结果显示,尖翅燕鱼受精卵为浮性卵,直径 (1.29±0.09) mm,卵壳较坚韧,呈黄色透明的球状,单个油球,无黏性。在孵化温度 (26±0.3) ℃、盐度34~36和pH 7.8±0.5条件下,整个胚胎发育经历7个阶段共27个时期,耗时27 h 45 min。初孵仔鱼全长 (3.120±0.349) mm,呈透明状,体表散布着大量分枝叶黄素,先后经历仔鱼期 (0~17 d) 和稚鱼期 (17~25 d),25 d后进入幼鱼期。此时幼鱼鳍棘和鳍条已发育完全,其典型特征为头部、躯干部和尾部各有3条黑色条带,身体呈银白色。统计模型显示,尖翅燕鱼早期阶段生长速度较缓,7日龄后生长加速;8日龄仔鱼出现残食和攻击行为。     

Acute toxicity of diazinon on the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) embryos and larvae

In the present study, the toxic effects on the embryos and larvae of the common carp were used as a model to investigate the organophosphorus pesticide, diazinon, which contaminates aquatic ecosystems. Data obtained from the diazinon acute toxicity tests were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Method. The control and six test experiments were repeated five times. The number of dead embryos significantly increased in response to diazinon concentrations 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg L⁻¹ (p < 0.05 for each case). The 48 h LC₅₀ value (with 95% confidence limits) of diazinon for common carp embryos was estimated at 0.999 (0.698-1.427) mg L⁻¹. Dose-response decreases in hatching success were recorded as 84.60, 75.2, 54.1, 31.0, 6.0, and 0.0%, respectively (p < 0.05). The number of dead larvae significantly increased with increasing diazinon concentrations exposed for 24-96 h (p < 0.05). The 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC₅₀ values (with 95% confidence limits) of diazinon for common carp larvae were estimated at 3.688 (2.464-8.495), 2.903 (2.019-5.433), 2.358 (1.672-4.005), and 1.530 (1.009-3.948) mg L⁻¹, respectively. There were significant differences in the LC₅₀ values obtained at different exposure times (p < 0.05). The results of the study suggest that low levels (0.25 mg L⁻¹) of diazinon in the aquatic environment may have a significant effect on the reproduction and development of carp.     

门源草原毛虫幼虫和茧的抽样技术研究

根据Ｉｗａｏ的抽样数模型，确定出门源草原毛虫（Ｇｙｎａｅｐｈｏｒａｍｅｎｙｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）的最适抽样数。当防治指标标为３０头／ｍ￣２时，序贯抽样的累积幼虫量界限公式为：Ｔ＿０（Ｎ）＝３０ｎ±２９．７１当ｔ＝１．６４，或Ｔ＿０（Ｎ）＝３０ｎ±３５．５１，当ｔ＝１．９６。在高寒草甸中，棋盘式抽样方法是随机取样幼虫和茧的最佳方式。     

凡纳对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei Boone)幼体淀粉酶(Amylase)和脂肪酶(Lipase)活力的研究

本文以酶学分析方法测定了凡纳对虾状幼体,糠虾和仔虾三个发育期淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力。实验结果表明,糠虾期淀粉酶比活力显著高于状幼体和仔虾两期(P<0.05);脂肪酶比活力状幼体显著高于糠虾幼体(P<0.05)。在食性转化过程中,凡纳对虾幼体消化酶活力与其食性相适应,不同发育阶段消化酶调节机制不同。     

温度对家蝇幼虫生长发育的影响

研究了温度对家蝇幼虫生长发育的影响。结果表明:在15～35℃条件下,温度越高,家蝇幼虫发育历期越短,且达到最大体重和最长体长所需的时间越短;最适于家蝇幼虫生长发育的恒温为30℃,温度幅度为35～30℃,温度周期为30℃24 h/d+15℃0 h/d。     

球孢白僵菌MZ050724对亚洲玉米螟幼虫毒力研究

利用浓度为4.0 ×104～4.0 ×108个/mL的球孢白僵菌MZ050724分生孢子液对3龄和4龄亚洲玉米螟幼虫进行毒力测定研究.结果表明,该菌株具有较高的杀虫活性,对3龄幼虫最高累计校正死亡率为88.65%,致死中浓度WEI(2.195±0.135)×104个/mL,致死中时间(4.30±0.16)d;对4龄幼虫最高累计校正死亡率为85.75%,致死中浓度为(4.362±0.088)×105个/mL,致死中时间(4.77±0.11)d.相比较对3龄幼虫的防治效果好于对4龄幼虫的防治效果.     

烟青虫老熟幼虫气门特征观察

[目的]观察烟青虫老熟幼虫气门特征。[方法]通过扫描电子显微镜对烟青虫5龄老熟幼虫气门形态结构进行观察。[结果]烟青虫的气门类型属于内闭式气门,腹部第8节的1对气门明显较大。气门腔口呈新月形或椭圆形,气门腔口周围具有围气门片。气门筛二唇形,中部略下陷,中央边缘部分的分枝明显较长。唇瓣外缘的过滤结构呈丛生状。气门筛外面观簇生,刺猬状,分枝发达,内面观呈规则平行排列的篱笆状,顶端分枝密生,下部渐少,基部也有单生的过滤结构,分枝不及外面观发达。[结论]该研究为烟青虫及其近缘种的分类鉴定和研制与害虫呼吸系统有关的新型农药制剂提供了理论依据。     

发酵猪粪对黑水虻转化率的影响及黑水虻幼虫和虫沙营养成分测定

研究了发酵猪粪与新鲜猪粪对黑水虻转化率的影响,并对新鲜猪粪饲养的黑水虻幼虫及虫沙的营养成分进行了测定。结果表明,发酵猪粪与新鲜猪粪对黑水虻转化率的影响不显著。新鲜猪粪饲养的黑水虻幼虫粗蛋白及粗脂肪的含量分别为40.2%和33.7%,含有丰富的氨基酸及脂肪酸。转化后残渣的有机质含量为71.88%,总氮含量为2.32%,总磷(以P2O5计)含量为5.19%,总钾(以K2O计)含量为1.25%,p H为7.3,符合有机肥料标准。     

Excess dietary cholesterol may have an adverse effect on growth performance of early post-larval Litopenaeus vannamei

One experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of cholesterol for post-larval shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets supplemented with four levels of cholesterol (D1, D2, D3 and D4 with 0, 0.5%, 1% and 2% cholesterol, respectively) were fed to triplicate groups of L. vannamei shrimp (mean initial wet weight 0.8 mg) for 27 days. After the trial, shrimp fed the D1 diet had the best growth performance (final body weights: FBW; weight gain: WG; specific growth rate: SGR), while there was no significant difference between diet treatments with respect to survival. The whole body crude protein level in the shrimp decreased with the increase in dietary cholesterol levels, while the whole body crude lipid level in shrimps in the D4 diet treatment was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in other diet treatments. Dietary analysis indicated that the D1 diet contained 0.92% cholesterol prior to supplementation, which may have satisfied the dietary cholesterol requirement of post-larval L. vannamei; excess dietary cholesterol may thus lead to adverse effects on the growth performance of post-larval shrimp.