Baylisascariosis—Infections of animals and humans with ‘unusual’ roundworms

The nematode genus Baylisascaris (order Ascaridida, superfamily Ascaridoidea) contains nine relatively host-specific, parasite species of carnivores, omnivores, herbivores, carnivorous marsupials or rodents. They have a facultative heteroxenous life cycle, at least under experimental conditions. Eggs passed in faeces embryonate in the environment and the second-stage larva infective for both definitive and intermediate hosts develops. In intermediate hosts larvae migrate extensively through tissues, where they grow and moult to the third-stage, causing extensive damage. All Baylisascaris spp. are considered a potential cause of visceral, ocular and/or neural larval migrans in mammals including humans and in birds. This paper summarises our current knowledge on the prevalence, biology, pathogenicity and zoonotic significance of three Baylisascaris species: B. transfuga, B. schroederi and B. procyonis which have as definitive hosts bears, giant pandas and raccoons (occasionally dogs), respectively.     

斑点叉尾鮰胚胎及卵黄囊期仔鱼发育研究

探索研究了斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punetatus)的早期牛活史及其发育生物学.运用解剖镜观察、记录、测量、描述、绘图等方法,连续规察了6个批次斑点叉尾鮰的胚胎及卵黄囊期仔鱼发育情况.结果表明:(1)在水温23～25℃时,斑点叉尾鮰胚胎期约需186 h,有效积温4 490～4 6lO qC·h;水温24～27℃时,班点叉尾鮰卵黄囊期约需6 d,有效积温3 620～3 710℃·h.(2)斑点叉尾鮰胚胎在出膜之前可见血液循环、胸鳍突起、眼球色素、直肠和肛门,卵黄囊耗尽期时各鳍鳍条明显且尾鳍已分叉.(3)斑点义尾鮰胚胎发育的温度上限是28～29℃.     

青杨脊虎天牛幼虫龄期的划分1）

通过田间取样收集了青杨脊虎天牛（ Xylotrechus rusticus）幼虫,并根据6项测量指标（头壳宽、前胸背板宽、触角间距、上颚宽、体长、体宽）的频次分布结果初步确定龄期,然后运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归进行验证分析。结果表明：青杨脊虎天牛幼虫可分为13龄,除体宽不宜用于区分龄期外,其它5项测量指标均可用于分龄,其中前胸背板宽与虫龄的拟合度最高为最佳分龄指标,回归方程为y＝0．062e2．399x（p＜0．001,R2＝0．989）。此外,根据各龄期幼虫体宽、体长的平均值制作了相应龄期幼虫等比例背面观手绘图。     

Automatic acoustic detection of the red palm weevil

The red palm weevil (RPW) is a key pest of horticultural and ornamental palm species in Asia, the Middle East and the Mediterranean region, currently dispersing in Mediterranean European countries, endangering the landscape. The RPW larvae bore deep into palm crowns, trunks and offshoots, concealed from visual inspection until the palms are nearly dead. Traded palm trees are intensively transported between and within countries, spreading the pest worldwide. Consequently, an urgent need exists to identify and monitor concealed RPW larvae. Acoustic signals of boring RPW larvae can be recorded from the infested palms using off-the-shelf recording devices, but the resolution of the signals emitted by healthy palms is often difficult to discriminate. The purpose of this research was to develop a mathematical method to automatically detect acoustic activity of RPW in offshoots and implement it in a prototype setup. The methodology applied was similar to techniques used in the field of speech recognition, utilizing Vector quantization (VQ) or Gaussian mixture modeling (GMM). The algorithm successfully achieved detection ratios as high as 98.9%. The study shows that it is feasible to detect RPW sounds using the mathematical method of speech recognition and commercial recording devices, which could be utilized to monitor trade and transportation of offshoots.     

扁刺蛾越冬幼虫空间分布型的研究

通过测定５个空间分布型指数和建立２个回归直线,发现扁刺蛾越冬幼虫空间分布型属聚集分布。另外,干基周围划分为３个层次,内层虫口数量与中、外两层的差异均达１％的显著水平。     

河蟹幼体对盐度变化忍受力的初步研究

本试验对河蟹氵蚤Ⅱ～Ⅴ幼体及１～２日龄大眼幼体在盐度变化情况下的忍受力进行了观察，试验结果显示：氵蚤Ⅱ～Ⅲ幼体发育期盐度日降幅不宜大于１‰；氵蚤Ⅳ～Ⅴ幼体发育期盐度日降幅不宜大于２‰～３‰；至１～２日龄大眼幼体阶段盐度日降幅于５‰以下对存活率已无多大影响。     

粘虫(Mythimna separata Walker)幼虫连续石蜡切片制备之幼虫整体固定方法初探

笔者首先从18种动物学制片常用的固定液中，选出9种较为适合鳞翅目幼虫固定的固定液，然后又通过进一步试验发现：30倍液量为固定液的最少用量；35℃为固定时的最适温度；5龄幼虫为固定的最佳龄期；4龄幼虫蜕皮后20min之内为固定的最佳时段     

葱蝇对寄主植物的选择性研究

采用田间罩笼和盆栽试验的方法研究了葱蝇成虫对4种寄主植物的产卵选择,采用室内培养的方法研究了幼虫对寄主植物的取食选择。结果表明：在4种寄主植物中,田间罩笼试验以洋葱上葱蝇的发生数量最多,其次为大蒜和大葱,韭菜上数量最少|盆栽试验中,葱蝇成虫对4种寄主植物的产卵选择与田间罩笼试验结果一致,均以在洋葱上落卵量最多,韭菜上落卵量最少|葱蝇1龄和3龄幼虫对寄主植物的取食选择,均以选择洋葱的幼虫最多,大葱的次之,韭菜和大蒜上的较少。表明葱蝇成虫的产卵选择是决定葱蝇幼虫在不同寄主植物上发生程度差异的重要因素,诱杀成虫是葱蝇防治的重要措施之一。     

文蛤吸虫寄生病的组织病理学观察

报道了吸虫在文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)体内的寄生情况以及所引起的组织病理学变化。观察表明,该吸虫是以胚细胞方式繁殖,幼虫经历胞蚴阶段,发育成尾蚴。其寄生情况与寄生于其他双壳贝类的一些吸虫相似,均是以生殖腺为主要侵占部位,少部分则进入附近的消化盲囊、鳃、外套膜、足等,消化道中未发现其存在。已被感染的消化盲囊、外套膜等器官组织出现上皮细胞脱落或崩解,肌纤维排列紊乱或溶解,黏液细胞增生等病理症状。观察发现,寄生虫不仅破坏已感染的组织,未感染部位的组织也呈现一定的病理学变化,最终导致宿主因器官衰竭、功能丧失而死亡。     

人工育苗条件下银鲳仔稚幼鱼摄食与生长特性

在人工育苗条件下,对0～50d银鲳仔稚幼鱼的摄食行为和生长特性进行了研究。水温19.0～24.0℃时,初孵仔鱼～12d为仔鱼期,13～40d为稚鱼期,41d起转为幼鱼期。全长、肛前长和体高的特定生长率分别为5.489%、3.228%和5.371%。45d银鲳幼鱼全长、肛前长和体高的生长虽有差异,但不会造成相互间的残杀。鱼苗全长与日龄的关系式为y=4.6233-0.0352x-0.0088x2 0.0003x3,R2=0.996;全长与肛前长的关系式为y=1.6929 0.0927x 0.0018x2,R2=0.978;体高与日龄的关系式为y=0.8424 0.0168x 0.0053x2,R2=0.990。银鲳孵化后3d开始开口摄食,试验用饵料为轮虫、卤虫无节幼体、配合饵料。在仔鱼阶段其摄食率为25%～100%,饱食率为25%～80%;到稚幼鱼阶段摄食率均达到100%,饱食率60%～88%。银鲳消化时间随生长发育而延长。摄食高峰基本出现在白天,属白天摄食类型。