The impact of thematic resolution on the patch-mosaic model of natural landscapes

We argue that thematic resolution, i.e., the level of categorical detail of a thematic map expressed by the number of classes included in the map legend, is an inherent component of the scale at which a landscape is analyzed. Changing the number of classes can change the configuration of the patch mosaic as much as changing the grain does. We address recent calls in this and other journals to deepen research in this topic. In particular, we report how thematic resolution affects the patchiness of mosaics representing natural landscapes, which have seldom been studied in this respect. We selected seven 50 × 50 km landscapes within national parks, each representative of a world biome. We applied an object-based unsupervised classification to Landsat TM imagery of these landscapes using increasing numbers of classes, between 2 and 50, and derived curves of mean patch size and patch density for each site. Our results are consistent with previous findings in that the patchiness of output mosaics increases monotonically with increasing thematic resolution, with a higher rate of increase up to eight classes that declines until it becomes roughly constant for more than 16 classes. However, this constant rate of increase is still considerable, meaning that, at least for natural landscapes, there is no threshold beyond which the patch-mosaic model is independent of the conceptual filter applied. This dependence on human fiat calls for re-thinking the patch-mosaic paradigm.     

Analysis of landscape pattern change trajectories within areas of intensive agricultural use: case study in a watershed of southern Québec, Canada

This study aimed at capturing the spatial variability of landscape patterns and their trajectories of change from 1950 to 2000 within a watershed, which is representative of areas of intensive agricultural use. After an analysis of landscape features changes for the entire watershed based on aerial photographs, hierarchical clustering analysis provided a typology of landscape patterns for the cadastral lots. Following that, the trajectory of change of each lot was characterized (nature, importance, direction, rate of change). Seven types of landscape patterns are distinguished by the relative importance of different classes of landscape features and 51 trajectories of change were identified for the lots. The analysis shows that although the majority of lots were subjected to a homogenization of their landscape patterns since 1950, this trend is not entirely uniform and that since 2000 it occurs alongside trends towards diversification of certain landscape features on some lots. Furthermore, nearly a third of the lots are not following the main trajectories of change detected. Thus, the results suggest that extrinsic forces (policies, technologies) that are directing main changes in areas of intensive agricultural use toward uniformity could be modulated by internal forces (uses and values of the population). A better understanding of theses internal forces seems crucial to manage landscapes. From a methodology standpoint, although the hierarchical clustering analyses appear useful for understanding the spatial and temporal variability of landscape patterns, particular attention must be given to validating the typology chosen to characterize them.     

牛肉嫩度的高光谱法检测技术

为实现对牛肉嫩度的预测和分级,构建了试验用高光谱检测系统,在400～1000nm波长范围内获取牛肉表面的高光谱散射图像.从高光谱图像中提取牛肉的反射光谱曲线,用step-wise逐步回归法选择 430、496、510、725、760和828nm 6个波长建立了多元线性回归模型,用全交叉验证法验证模型的预测效果,模型的预测相关系数为0.96,预测标准差为0.64kg.以嫩度6.0kg为界将样本分为嫩牛肉和粗糙牛肉2类,特征波长处反射值为变量,建立了正则判别函数对牛肉嫩度分级,用全交叉验证法验证训练的效果.嫩牛肉分级准确率为83.3%,较粗糙牛肉分级准确率为90.9%,总的分级准确率为87.0%.研究表明该预测和分级技术具有一定的可行性.     

汽车起重机液压系统故障分析与排除3例

起重运输设备广泛使用液压系统,由于条件的限制,故障诊断与排除比较困难.通过汽车起重机上车液压油门故障的判断与排除、TL-250E汽车起重机液压转向故障的排除、QZ-8型汽车起重机支腿收放液压支路故障的分析3例详细阐述了起重运输设备液压系统故障诊断与排除方法,通过这些维修技巧可以大大提高维修效率.     

山东半岛典型流域果园与旱地景观结构分析

以烟台市土地利用现状图和2002年9月9日的ETM影像为信息源,结合地面考察,在3S技术的支持下,选取景观百分比、斑块密度、周长-面积分维数和斑块凝聚度,对烟台市16个典型流域的果园与旱地景观结构进行了分析。结果表明,果园在各流域中的面积比重较小,旱地面积占绝对优势;但果园斑块数量多。对各种景观指数比较表明,旱地的平均景观百分比明显高于果园景观,果园景观的平均、最大及最小斑块密度均明显高于旱地景观,两种景观的周长-面积分维数相差不大但斑块凝聚度的差异显著。     

Finding a needle in the haystack: Regional analysis of suitable Eld’s deer (Cervus eldi) forest in Southeast Asia

For species whose decline preceded the modern era and whose distribution is in the developing world, it is difficult to map suitable habitat across its former range. Eld’s deer (Cervus eldi) is an endangered cervid whose range across Southeast Asia was reduced during the last century to disjoint populations in Myanmar and Cambodia. We used ecological data from the present populations to determine landscape and habitat parameters that would help us predict the occurrence of the species in forests not yet surveyed. The suitable-forest GIS model was created using four readily available datasets for elevation, forest type, canopy closure, and human density. Comparison of the GIS model with 24 verified sightings of Eld’s deer during recent large mammal surveys in Cambodia, found 22 sightings (92%) within predicted suitable forest. Use the suitable-forest GIS model to survey a province in southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic, located a single, previously unreported population from 9 patches surveyed. In a separate analysis, a logistic regression model to predict Eld’s deer habitat in Northern Cambodia found percent tree cover, presence of wetlands, and distance to villages as the best predictors of deer, similar to variables used in the GIS model, with the exception of the importance of wetlands. Using mean annual rainfall to rank suitable-forest patches identified in the GIS model indicated dry dipterocarp forests in Northeastern Cambodia and Northern Myanmar have the highest potential to conserve eld’s deer. Examination of the suitable-forest GIS map and current protected areas indicated only Cambodia, with 11% suitable forest protected, has placed sufficient dry dipterocarp forest under protected status. Other Southeast Asia countries have not recognized dry dipterocarp forest as a significant ecotype worthy of conservation status.     

新疆布尔津县土地利用格局特征研究

 基于RS与GIS技术，利用景观生态学理论及景观格局指数对布尔津县土地利用现状进行定量分析。结果显示为：（1）布尔津县以草地、林地为主要景观类型，镶嵌着耕地、水域等景观类型。（2）四个分区（即高山区、丘陵区、平原区、荒漠区）的林地资源组成差异明显，耕地、居民、交通及工矿用地集中分布在丘陵区和平原区（3）从各项指数来看，高山区的多样性指数较低；平原区是受人文因素最多的区域，景观优势度低，各种土地利用类型比例差异不大，有利于生态可持续发展，但要合理的开发利用；荒漠区生态环境相对脆弱，要加强生态环境的保护与改善。通过该研究对布尔津县的土地利用现状作一个了解，为该县乃至整个地区的景观规划和可持续发展战略提供科学依据。     

我国城市园林设计的不足与建议

论述了城市园林设计在城市建设和经济建设中的重要作用,总结了当前我国城市园林设计存在的问题,提出关于城市园林设计的建议。     

风景园林研究的跨界融合与量化革新——以香港大学城市环境与人类健康实验室为例

以香港大学城市环境与人类健康实验室这一新兴学术共同体作为研究切入点,使用文献综述与案例研究的方法深入探讨学术共同体在推动风景园林学科的发展和进步中扮演的关键角色。研究结果发现：该实验室在以往的风景园林学科内容、框架和知识体系基础上,运用新兴技术并结合定量的统计学方法,将城市环境与居民健康紧密相连,为快速城市化地区的环境和人类健康问题提供高效、精准、人文关怀且切实可行的解决方案,并极大地拓展了风景园林学科的研究领域;实验室的核心关注点在于城市感知：探究城市环境特征如何以及在何种程度上通过心理、生理等途径影响人类健康;在健康城市领域,这支先锋团队担任着理论研究、技术探索以及教育者的角色。     

玉溪林下地被植物引种应用研究

对林下地被植物的选择、分类及在玉溪园林中的应用进行了总结,分析了种植林下地被植物时存在的问题,筛选出适应林下种植的优良花卉地被品种,对开发利用林下乡土地被植物提出建议,为今后林下花卉地被的配置种植提供了参考。