MEASUREMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION IN CATS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND DUAL ENERGY X‐RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY

Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a reference method for assessing body composition but is seldom `accessible in veterinary settings. Computed tomography (CT) can provide similar body composition estimates and we propose that it can be used in body composition studies in animals. We compared CT and DEXA data from 73 healthy adult neutered domestic cats. Three approaches for measuring adipose tissue percentage from full‐body CT scans were explored. By examining the frequency distribution of voxels by Hounsfield unit (HU) value, it is possible to calculate a fat index (Fat%) that is in close agreement with the fat percentages obtained from DEXA scans. Fat% values obtained by the best of the methods had a mean difference of 0.96% (95% confidence interval 0.33–1.59%) from the DEXA results. Fat% obtained by the other two methods were characterized by good correlation but poor agreement and in one of the methods, the difference between the values from the two modalities was proportional to their mean. By using CT, it is possible to obtain body composition estimates that are in close agreement with those available using DEXA. While the significance of individual Fat% measurements obtained from CT can be difficult to interpret and to compare between centers, CT can contribute to research studies concerned either with nutrition or with obesity‐related disorders.     

情感教育与化学作文

在新课程标准中明确提出了情感态度与价值观的教学目标,那么什么是情感教育,在古代和现代,人们对情感教育又有怎样的认识。我们是怎样来看待情感教育的,实施情感教育的价值何在。在实施新课标的过程中,通过利用化学学科文理兼容的性质,在教学中运用“化学作文”来培养学生的情感态度,激发学生的学习兴趣。文中以物质的量为知识背景,利用微粒个数、阿伏伽德罗常数、物质的量、常数6．02×10^23这4个物理量创设了一个化学情景,对化学作文进行了一次小的尝试,从尝试中笔者感受到了学生丰富的化学情感和奇妙的想象以及他们对化学的喜爱。     

High‐level exogenous trans10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid plays an anti‐lipogenesis role in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were treated by 0, 37.5, 75, 112.5, 150 μmol/L trans10, cis12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to evaluate the effects of different level trans10, cis12 CLA on lipogenesis in BMEC. Addition of 75–150 μmol/L trans10, cis12 CLA reduced significantly the triacylglycerol (TAG) content (P < 0.05), but did not have inhibiting action on cell proliferation (P > 0.05). Treatment with 150 μmol/L trans10, cis12 CLA for 48 h resulted in a 17.1% reduction (P < 0.0001) of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA, C14 < C < C16), a 26.5% reduction (P < 0.0001) of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and a corresponding reduction of the mRNA abundance of acetyl coenzyme A (acetylCoA) carboxylase (ACC) (P = 0.046), fatty acid synthase (FAS) (P = 0.017) and stearoylCoA desaturase1 (SCD1) (P = 0.002). Another finding was that trans10, cis12 CLA elevated expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 (DGAT2) (P = 0.020) and long chain acylCoA synthetases (ACSL) (P = 0.032). In conclusion, higher trans10, cis12 CLA, not low trans10, cis12 CLA, inhibited milk fat synthesis and changed fatty acid composition by regulating the expression of FAS, ACC, SCD1, DGAT2 and ACSL.     

Lactation efficiency as a result of body composition dynamics and feed intake in sows

Through genetic selection and improvement of environment, litter size of sows increases. Increased energy requirement during lactation, increases the risk of excessive mobilization from body stores, with detrimental effects on reproductive performance. Feed intake capacity tends to decrease due to selection towards leaner pigs with a lower feed conversion ratio. However, to facilitate sows to wean large litters extra feed intake, or even better, a higher feed efficiency during lactation would be favourable. The objective of the present study was to describe the dynamics of body composition of sows and piglets during lactation, and to relate these traits to a newly introduced trait called “lactation efficiency”. Energy metabolism of lactating sows was described, based on on-farm observations of weight and backfat of sows before parturition and at weaning, weight of piglets at birth and at weaning and feed intake of sows during lactation. “Lactation efficiency” was defined as energy efficiency of sows, and calculated for individual sows at two different farms. The average lactation efficiency was 68% and 65% for both farms; meaning that 68 and 65% of the metabolisable energy through feed intake or mobilization from body stores, above maintenance of the sow (input), was used for piglet growth and piglet maintenance (output). The association between lactation efficiency and other reproductive traits was studied by estimating the correlations within farms. Sows with a higher lactation efficiency showed lower feed intake (r = − 0.27 and r = − 0.35 for both farms respectively) and smaller fat losses (r = − 0.34 and r = − 0.29, respectively). The energy output of efficient sows was slightly higher (r = 0.23 and r = 0.30). The more efficient sows were the better mothers, as mortality of their piglets was lower (r = − 0.12 and r = − 0.16), piglet growth rate was higher (r = 0.16 and r = 0.23), and at weaning their litters were less variable (r = − 0.08; only available at one farm). Results were remarkably similar for the two farms, despite different feeding strategies. Extra input, by means of feed intake or mobilization from body stores generated extra output by means of litter weight at weaning. This experiment demonstrated that an accurate recording of energy metabolism and relevant reproduction traits with little intervention is possible on commercial farms.     

利用近红外光谱技术快速分析全株玉米青贮营养成分

研究旨在利用近红外光谱技术(near infrared reflectance spectroscopy,NIRS)建立全株玉米青贮6种营养成分的近红外预测模型,为生产实践中合理利用全株玉米青贮饲料资源提供理论依据.选取玉米青贮样品64份作为定标集,16份作为验证集.利用NIRS结合改良偏最小二乘法(modified ...     

贮藏时间与蒙药黄芩对紫花苜蓿草颗粒维生素和化学成分的影响

为有效保全苜蓿草颗粒贮藏过程中维生素及营养品质,本研究以紫花苜蓿草颗粒为研究材料,研究贮藏时间(0,60,120,180,240 d,冷冻240 d)与蒙药黄芩(0%,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%)对其维生素含量和营养品质的影响。结果表明：在贮藏过程中,与其他添加量相比,添加1.5%黄芩有利于保存苜蓿草颗粒维生素B5、维生素C和α-维生素E含量。贮藏60 d及以上显著降低了苜蓿草颗粒维生素B1、维生素B3、维生素C和维生素E含量;贮藏120 d时苜蓿草颗粒DM含量趋于稳定;苜蓿草颗粒贮藏180 d后其CP含量显著降低;贮藏0～180 d期间,随着贮藏时间的延长,苜蓿草颗粒NDF和ADF含量显著升高。与常温贮藏240 d相比,冷冻贮藏相同时间有利于保存苜蓿草颗粒中维生素B1、维生素B5、α-维生素E和OM含量,显著降低DM、NDF和ADF含量。因此,1.5%黄芩添加剂有利于保存苜蓿草颗粒维生素含量,且常温贮藏时间不宜超过60天。     

Significance of two different ranking methods for studying fish fauna: a case study on the fish fauna from upper and middle portions from Mekong River

Studies on fish fauna should not only focus on fish composition and the comparison of fish composition among the study region and adjacent regions, but should also explore the origin and uniqueness of different taxa as well as the substitution of genera and species. In this study, the value of floristic presence method was modified and renamed the value of fish fauna presence (VFFP) method. The specific steps of the VFFP method and the traditional fish fauna analysis (TFFA) method were refined and standardized. Then, the VFFP and TFFA methods were applied to study the fish fauna of the upper and middle portions of the Mekong River basin. The results indicate that the TFFA method reflects the families (subfamilies) and genera that constitute the main body of fish in the studied river basin. The results of the VFFP method show which families (subfamilies) and genera are representative for the basin. Therefore, combining the TFFA and VFFP methods to analyze the composition of fish fauna can reflect the characteristics of fish fauna from different perspectives. The case study shows that the fish fauna of the Mekong River is a part of the fish fauna of Southeast Asia. Although it shows some similarities to the composition of South Asian fish fauna, it does not belong to the South Asian fish fauna as a whole, and is essentially different from the East Asian fish fauna. This study provides an objective, quantitative, and verifiable method for studying fish fauna.     

猪饲料有效能值预测模型的构建

为探索饲料常规成分及碳水化合物组分与饲料有效能值之间的关系方程,本研究以NRC第11版《猪营养需要量》中发布的122套饲料营养成分表为基础,将饲料中11种基础成分[6项常规成分:干物质、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗纤维(CF)、粗脂肪(EE)、酸性醚提取物、粗灰分(ash);5项碳水化合物组分:淀粉(ST)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、半纤维素、酸性洗涤木质素]作为自变量,将饲料中的消化能(DE)、代谢能(ME)及净能(NE)作为因变量,采用SAS软件中的REG过程,分别建立不同性质饲料、自变量的不同组合与DE、ME及NE之间的回归关系方程,并以相关系数(R2)及变异系数(CV)作为评价回归模型的优劣。研究表明,有效能值与CP、ST及纤维类指标显著或极显著相关(P0.05或P0.01)。将所有饲料作为研究对象时,饲料的DE、ME及NE与上述11种基础成分之间建立的普适性回归模型预测效果较差。当将14种玉米及其加工产品形成子集时,建立饲料基础营养成分与DE、ME及NE的关系方程分别为7、6和7套(P0.05),且3组回归模型R2分别为0.632 8~0.772 3、0.646 9~0.684 9和0.670 5~0.822 1,CV分别为6.61%~8.40%、6.58%~7.34%和6.21%~8.27%;当将13种大豆及其加工产品形成子集时,共建立饲料基础成分与DE、ME关系方程分别有3和4套,回归模型R2分别为0.907 1~0.926 9、0.890 7~0.922 3,CV分别为5.40%~6.09%、5.79%~6.78%,NE与基础营养成分指标之间无法建立具有营养学意义的有效回归方程。对于同类饲料中具有相同自变量组合的DE及ME预测模型而言,两者之间的差异主要是自变量CP的系数上,且CP部分对ME的正效应低于DE,这保证模型预测的ME低于DE。同时选用本研究构建的适宜模型,补充了NRC第11版成分表中第97(去皮大豆粕,低寡糖,浸提)、101(全脂大豆,高蛋白质)及102号(全脂大豆,低寡糖)饲料的DE值分别为15.99、17.35、17.27 MJ/kg,ME值分别为14.53、16.15和16.14 MJ/kg。综上,以NRC(2012)饲料营养成分表为基础,建立的普适性有效能值回归模型预测效果较差。按照玉米类和大豆类进行分类,可建立DE、ME和NE与饲料化学成分之间的多元回归方程,其中最优的预测因子为CP、EE、ST、ash、NDF、ADF。具有相同自变量的同类饲料DE和ME预测模型之间的差异是CP系数,CP影响DE转化为ME的效率。     

黄羽肉鸡胴体化学成分研究

对北京油鸡和北京石歧黄羽肉鸡的胴体组成和化学成分进行了测定。研究中,首先从胴体中分离出骨,余者（包括肌肉、脂肪、皮肤和韧带）用粉碎机分磨碎、混匀,制作皮肉脂混合样,测定项目包括胴体皮、肉、脂总重量与骨重之比,皮肉脂混合样干物质率,风干混合肉样粗脂肪率和粗蛋白率,及其各种氨基酸和脂肪酸的百分含量。着重分析了上述指标的性别和品系效应。结果表明：与石歧黄羽肉鸡相比,北京油鸡在产肉性能方面的劣势在于其公鸡