麝香可持续利用的探讨

笔者根据文献资料结合自己的研究,从麝香的重要作用,麝香来源,天然麝香与人工麝香的比较,野生麝资源状况和发展麝资源等几个方面对麝香资源与应用进行了概述,针对麝香长期供不应求,直接影响医疗用药的问题,根据我国50多年的人工养麝经验,指出人工养麝是保护野生麝资源和实现天然麝香可持续利用的有效途径,并就我国人工养麝概况,人工养麝发展存在的问题,突破人工养麝的瓶颈问题,实现产业化养麝保障麝香可持续利用方面进行了系统总结与探讨。     

The use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in rural Peru

Very little is known about the use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in lower/middle-income countries. The use of these drugs can have profound impacts on animal health, farmer income and public health. A survey of 156 farmers was conducted in Cajamarca, a major dairy-producing center in the highlands of Peru characterized by small farms (<15 cows) to assess patterns and determinants of antibiotic use and farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics. The reported incidence of disease on these farms was relatively low (0.571 episodes of disease per cow-year), but more than 83% of the reported episodes were treated with antibiotics. The most commonly used antibiotics were oxytetracycline, penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole drugs; antiparasitic drugs were also used to treat what were likely bacterial infections. An increased incidence of treated disease was significantly associated with smaller farm size, lower farmer income, the previous use of the Californian Mastitis test on the farm and antibiotic knowledge. Farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics was assessed with a series of questions on antibiotics, resulting in a “knowledge score”. Increased knowledge was significantly associated with the use of antibiotics for preventative reasons, the purchase of antibiotics from feed-stores, the experience of complications in animals after having administered antibiotics, the number of workers on the farm and the educational level of the farmer. Overall, antibiotics appeared to be used infrequently, most likely because therapeutic interventions were sought only when the animal had reached an advanced stage of clinical disease. Few farmers were able to define an antibiotic, but many farmers understood that the use of antibiotics carried inherent risks to their animals and potentially to the consumers of dairy products from treated animals. The results of this study are useful for understanding the patterns of antibiotic use and associated management, demographic and knowledge factors of farmers on small dairy farms in rural Peru.     

Pattern and determinant of antibiotics used on broiler farms in Songkhla province,southern Thailand

The study was conducted on antibiotics use and determinant of use on 101 broiler farms in Songkhla province, Thailand. Ninety-six farms used the broiler production system under contracting companies and 5 farms were independently operated. All of the farms used antibiotics for disease prevention. Twenty agents in 9 classes of antibiotics were used; the most commonly used ones were enrofloxacin, amoxicillin, doxycycline, colistine and roxithromycin. There were 33 patterns of antibiotics use, the most frequently used being the combination of amoxicillin-enrofloxacin (21.18%). Cluster analysis suggested that the variation in antibiotic usage is mostly under the influence of the companies. Regulation of antibiotics use thus should focus on the company level.     

净、套作下大豆茎秆和籽粒糖氮动态规律研究

碳氮代谢是影响作物产量和品质的主要因素之一,在糖氮运输和储存过程中茎秆起着重要作用。以南豆12和南豆20为供试材料,在净、套作下分析不同生育时期大豆茎秆及籽粒中可溶性糖、氮含量变化规律,明确种植模式对大豆茎秆和籽粒碳氮的影响。结果表明,随着生育时期的推进,南豆12和南豆20茎秆可溶性糖和氮含量在净、套作条件下均呈现“低-高-低”的趋势,糖氮比呈现“低-高”的趋势。大豆从苗期至盛花期,茎秆可溶性糖、氮及糖氮比在净套作条件下差异显著(P<0.05),但从盛荚期至完熟期差异不显著(P>0.05)。净、套作模式下大豆籽粒可溶性糖、氮含量及糖氮比差异极显著(P<0.01),但品种间差异不显著。通过相关性分析,大豆盛花期到鼓粒期茎秆可溶性糖、氮含量及糖氮比与籽粒可溶性糖、氮含量及糖氮比相关性达到显著水平(P<0.05),特别是氮和糖氮比,相关系数最大值达到0.85。这些结果为明确糖氮由茎秆到籽粒的运输规律和套作大豆合理种植栽培参数提供理论支撑。     

坝上农牧交错区一年生饲草与主要农作物水分利用效率比较研究

为探究河北坝上地区饲草与作物对水资源的利用程度,本研究在河北省察北管理区种植3种一年生饲草(燕麦Avena sativa L.、箭筈豌豆Vicia sativa L.、玉米Zea mays L.)和4种主要农作物(莜麦Avena chinensis Metzg.、小麦Triticum aestivum L.、胡麻Linum usitatissimum L.、马铃薯Solanum tuberosum L.),通过种植试验比较一年生饲草和农作物水资源利用效率的差异,得出以下结论：一年生饲草产量高于农作物,其平均水分利用率(52.93%)比农作物水分利用率(36.33%)高出16.60%,玉米产量(63.92 t·hm^-2)最高,水分利用率最高(141.80%),马铃薯(19.53%)水分利用率最低;一年生饲草水分利用率由植株磷含量、植株钾含量、温度、细胞间CO₂浓度、鲜干比共同解释;农作物水分利用率由茎叶比、植物氮含量和细胞间CO₂浓度共同解释。     

宁夏东部荒漠草原猪毛蒿光合特征和水分利用效率对降水变化的响应

荒漠草原植物的生长和生存受降水影响很大,本研究以宁夏东部荒漠草原猪毛蒿种群为研究对象,2017-2020年连续4年监测了降水改变条件下土壤水分特征,测定了猪毛蒿净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度等光合特征,并对其内禀水分利用效率和瞬时水分利用效率进行了分析。研究表明：4年中无效降水事件(<5mm)发生次数较多,占当年降水频次的60.00%～82.54%;大雨(≥25 mm且≤49.9 mm)和暴雨等级(≥50 mm)降水事件较少,平均单次降水事件的降水量仅为3.3～6.5 mm·次^-1。不同处理各土层的土壤含水量存在较大差异,表层(10 cm)土壤含水量较次表层(20 cm)和深层(60 cm)的变幅大;次表层(20 cm)土壤平均含水量低于表层,与小降水事件发生频次较高无法入渗补给以及植物吸收消耗有关;深层(60 cm)土壤含水量变化小,较稳定。净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增大,当光合有效辐射在400～1600μmol·m^-2·s^-1时,增雨处理提高了猪毛蒿的净光合速率;在...     

带幅设计对玉米/苜蓿间作群体光环境特征及光能利用效率的影响北大核心CSCD

探究间作带幅设计对玉米/苜蓿间作群体光环境特征、产量及光能利用效率(LUE)的影响,提出黄土高原旱作条件下玉米/苜蓿间作群体最佳带幅比例。研究设置了玉米单作(SM)、紫花苜蓿单作(SA)以及玉米/紫花苜蓿1∶2(I_(12))、2∶2(I_(22))和2∶4(I_(24))间作5种种植模式,并采用田间试验和数学模拟相结合的方法,分别测定了玉米和苜蓿的干物质产量及作物冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)等指标;建立了考虑光线入射角度和群体冠层结构几何关系的玉米/苜蓿间作群体辐射传输模型,并用实测值对其进行了验证。试验结果表明,在2018年,单作处理的苜蓿干物质产量显著高于间作处理(P<0.05),而在2019年各间作处理苜蓿的干物质分别比单作高197.8、180.3和197.0 g·m^(-2);处理I_(12)、I_(22)和I_(24)两年总的玉米生物量比SM处理高12.1%、0.9%和23.9%。所有间作处理的土地当量比在2019年均大于1.0,表现出间作优势。辐射传输模型可准确模拟玉米/苜蓿间作群体冠层底部的光合有效辐射,间作群体光合有效辐射模拟值与实测值的平均绝对误差和均方根误差分别为59.0和66.6μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1)。除玉米和苜蓿生育前期及玉米收获后,不同间作处理苜蓿群体冠层上方的PAR均低于单作苜蓿。2018和2019年I_(12)、I_(22)和I_(24)间作处理玉米的光能利用效率分别比单作处理高52.5%、9.3%、51.7%和28.5%、9.6%、21.0%,而间作苜蓿的LUE仅在2019年显著高于单作19.2%、32.4%和20.9%(P<0.05)。因此,合理的玉米/苜蓿间作带幅搭配可改善苜蓿的光照环境,提高其光能利用效率,尤其是玉米/紫花苜蓿2∶4间作群体光能利用效率和产量优势显著,建议在具有类似气候的地区推广种植。     

The stadium effect: rodent damage patterns in rice fields explored using giving‐up densities

Rodents are globally important pre‐harvest pests of rice. In Southeast Asia, rodent damage to growing rice crops is commonly concentrated towards the center of rice fields, away from the field edge, resulting in a clear pattern known as the “stadium effect.” To further understand this behavior of rodent pests and to develop recommendations for future research and management, we examined the relation between giving‐up densities (GUDs) and damage patterns. In Tanay, Luzon, Philippines, GUD trays containing pieces of coconut in a matrix of sand were placed at 4 different distances from the field edge to quantify the perceived risk of predation in a rice field pest, Rattus tanezumi. GUDs were recorded during a dry and wet season crop at the reproductive and ripening stages of rice. In addition, assessments of active burrows, tracking tile activity and rodent damage to the rice crop, were conducted in the dry season. GUDs were significantly lower in the center of the rice fields than on the field edges, suggesting that rodent damage to rice is greater in the middle of rice fields due to a lower perceived predation risk. Furthermore, this perception of predation risk (or fear) increases towards the field edge and was greatest on the rice bund, where there was no vegetation cover. We discuss the implications for rodent management and rodent damage assessments in rice fields. This is the first documented use of GUDs in a rice agro‐ecosystem in Asia; thus we identify the challenges and lessons learned through this process.     

北方农牧交错带土地利用结构的线性规划——以定西县为例

探讨了用线性规划方法优化土地利用结构,并以北方农牧交错带定西县土地利用结构的经济效益作为目标函数,以人口和自然条件作为约束条件,进行优化分析,规划结果为定西县土地利用结构由2005年的农、林、草面积比例54:10:36调整为30:13:57.