贵州中部岩溶丘陵区不同土地利用和管理方式对土壤肥力的影响

本文研究了黔中岩溶丘陵区几种不同士地利用和管理方式下土壤物理、化学和生物学性状的特征。结果表明,农林(林草)复合利用模式在土壤粒级组成、孔隙分布、持水性能、有机质和N、P养分、酶活性等方面表现出较好的肥力性状特征,有机无机肥配施、精细管理的灌溉农田次之,而粗放管理的旱坡耕地,土壤肥力性状严重恶化,逐步向石漠化景观演变。不同土地利用方式和管理措施显著影响土地肥力变化的程度和方向,调整土地利用结构,实行基本农田精细管理、陡坡耕地退耕还林(革)是保护土地资源,实现区域生态重建和农业可持续发展的根本途径。     

土地污染的一个评价指标:土壤动物

土地质量评价指标体系成为当前的研究热点,而土地污染是影响土地质量的重要因素。为了对土地质量全面客观地进行评价,提出了土壤动物指标可以作为土地污染的一个间接指标。文章认为土壤动物与土地污染之间存在着密切的关系,并表现在土壤动物各个生物组织层次中:在土壤动物体内累积污染物,在个体层次上表现为毒理学影响,在种群和群落层次上表现为生态学影响。通过对比被污染土地中土壤动物各项指数与未污染土地中土壤动物各项指数,综合得出土壤动物指标,并以此指标作为土地污染的替代指标。     

农用地分等中产量比系数求算方法的研究

对现行《农用地分等规程》中产量比系数计算方法进行探讨,寻求产量比系数的最佳求算方法;研究结果表明《规程》中产量比系数的算法使得研究区冬季作物的自然质量等指数偏大,与实际不符;按两套产量比系数计算的结果则不存在这一问题;建议在农用地分等中,种植制度为一年两熟的地区应分冬夏设两个基准作物,分别编制冬季播种作物和夏季播种作物的产量比系数。     

Tillage and land use effects on soil microporosity in Ohio, USA and Kolombangara, Solomon Islands

Micropores are important to soil moisture retention and plant growth. Microporosity and pore size distribution were evaluated using mercury intrusion porosimetery on aggregates from 35-year-old experiments started in 1962 at Wooster (40.5 °N, 82 °W) and South Charleston (39.8 °N, 84 °W) in Ohio, USA and from three land use practices on Kolombangara (8 °S, 157 °E) in Solomon Islands. Tillage treatments in Ohio included: moldboard plowing (MP), chisel plowing (CP), and no-till (NT) with continuous corn. The land use treatments in Kolombangara included: natural forest (NF), traditional farming (TF) and topsoil removal (TR). Pore size measured in aggregates ranged from 0.2 to 100 μm in diameter. Median pore radius was significantly (P < 0.05) larger for NT than for MP and CP treatments at Wooster, but not at South Charleston. Tillage treatments had significant effect on the volume of both storage and residual pores for both sites in Ohio. Volume of storage and residual pores were higher for Wooster than South Charleston soil. At Kolombangara, the NF treatment had significantly larger median and peak pore radii, and microporosity than TF and TR treatments. There was, however, no significant difference among treatments in the volume of pore size distribution. These data support a recommendation for adoption of no-till or conservation tillage in soils of the temperate region, and of minimal disturbance and effective erosion control in soils of the tropics.     

The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

土地利用生态系统分析及服务价值估算——以北京市平谷区白各庄村为例

本研究以北京市平谷区白各庄村为例,详细分析了2002年土地利用生态系统的类型和特点,并进行生态系统服务价值核算,包括物质生产、吸收CO2、释放O2、水供给、废物处理和休闲娱乐,其总价值为1706.62万元,与农村经济总收入基本相等,其中吸收CO2的服务价值最大(72.57%),其次为释放O2价值(15.30%),物质生产服务价值仅占总价值的12.77%,水供给和休闲娱乐服务价值很小,而废物处理服务价值为负值。     

主被动闭环融合调姿隔振平台动力学建模与模态分析

以载体设备对稳定工作环境的需求为背景,提出一种多维调姿隔振平台新构型,以实现大幅度位姿扰动的补偿和中高频振动的隔离。机构由3个分支组成,每个分支包含1个由主动调姿、被动隔振单元组成的闭环子链。借助于旋量代数及影响系数理论建立机构的运动学模型,得到动平台、开链分支、电动缸分支对广义坐标的一、二阶影响系数。建立机构主被动分离形式的动力学模型,并以此为基础对其进行模态分析。通过脉冲激励对原理样机进行模态实验,实验结果表明,固有频率的实验测定值与理论计算值接近,验证了理论模型的正确性。响应特性的实验结果表明原理样机能够对低频段的位姿扰动进行补偿,结合中高频的被动隔振,原理样机具备了较宽频带的调姿隔振能力。     

丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂仿形控制系统研究

针对丘陵山地拖拉机作业地形复杂,传统电液悬挂控制系统地形适应性差的问题,设计了一套横向姿态可调的丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂仿形控制系统。根据丘陵山地拖拉机仿形控制作业需求,在传统悬挂结构基础上加装一个液压驱动旋转装置,设计了一种仿形悬挂机构,基于液压多点动力输出技术设计了带有负载反馈的闭心式液压控制系统,并提出了一种基于带死区的经典PID算法的控制方法。通过对阀控非对称液压缸工作原理的分析,建立了其数学模型并推导出仿形控制系统的传递函数,运用Matlab/Simulink建立了电液悬挂仿形控制系统的动力学模型并进行了仿真分析,仿真结果表明,系统在0°~11°阶跃信号的作用下,调整时间约为0.4s,几乎无超调,系统稳定后农机具横向倾角约为11.1°,稳态误差约为0.1°,仿真结果验证了该控制算法的有效性。通过对传统拖拉机的液压悬挂装置进行改装,将原来的手柄操纵式液压悬挂装置改装成带有虚拟终端的电液悬挂控制系统,搭建了仿形控制试验台并进行了室内台架试验,试验结果表明,系统调整时间约为2.2s,几乎无超调,系统稳定后农机具横向倾角约为11.2°,稳态误差约为0.2°,在系统允许误差（0.5°）范围内,试验结果验证了所设计的丘陵山地拖拉机电液悬挂仿形控制系统调节的快速性与稳定性,满足拖拉机等高线坡地作业需求。     

区域农用GNSS基准站云端管理方法与系统研究

针对区域农用卫星导航定位基准站规模化应用中存在无效冗余、频率干扰和基准不统一问题,提出基于云端管理构架实现区域基准站管理与信息共享的初步解决方案。选择石河子市作为研究区,获得3个企业总计84个固定基准站的备案数据,计算任意2个基准站的站间距ΔD和频率差ΔF形成数据集E。在此基础上,利用GIS空间分析和数值统计方法,分析基准站无效冗余和同近频干扰,开展基准站坐标平差与精度验证,开发基准站管理服务系统原型。研究表明,由于缺乏技术和管理协调,区域农用GNSS基准站无效冗余、频率干扰和频率浪费难以避免,所统计的84个基准站占用了26.7 MHz频带,使用了47个频点,其中30个基准站使用单独频点,站间距40 km以内时多达18对基准站频率相同,29对基准站频率相近(ΔF≤25 k Hz)。石河子东北18个基准站,平均冗余率达263.2%,中心区冗余率更高。固定基准站通过坐标平差可以提高站址精度,有利于发挥基准站冗余的有效性和提高差分信号接入的可靠性,3个验证点的经度坐标差最大为0.011 m,纬度坐标差最大为0.023 m,精度分别达到毫米级和厘米级。管理服务系统原型和手机端APP原型的初步测试表明,系统可以实现基准站备案、建站辅助、基准站查询和频率推荐等功能,可以提高基准站管理效率和减少干扰现象。     

农业活动对景观格局的影响

景观格局是自然和人类共同作用的结果,并随着经济发展和人口增长,农业活动在景观格局中起着愈来愈大的作用。放牧过程导致土壤退化和生物群落的不稳定,间歇式放牧会提高物种丰富度,促进生态系统的进化;植树造林不但有利于生态恢复和重建,而且对经济建设有巨大作用,更是保护生物多样性的手段;农作物种植包括物理干扰和化学干扰过程,改变了微生物的活性,同时对土壤性质产生影响;土地整理是人为的、强制性、时效性强的一种干扰,能在短期内对生态系统及景观格局产生剧烈影响,通过调整景观结构、改善景观破碎化,改变农业土地利用结构,使得社会效益、生态效益和环境效益均有所增加