Long-term consequences of topsoil mining on select biological and physical characteristics of two New Zealand loessial soils under grazed pasture

Soil chemical, biochemical, biological and structural properties were measured in two New Zealand loessial soils that were topsoil-mined 10 and 25 years ago respectively. Measurements at the 10-year site were compared to some earlier measurements made at this site and the data combined in a chronological sequence for analysis. Topsoil mining had a large, detrimental impact on the soil microbial biomass, the earthworm populations, easily mineralizable N and soil enzyme activities. However, most of these properties substantially recovered, to 80-90 per cent of the levels in unmined soils, within 10-25 years of restoration under pasture. In contrast, while total soil C and N were less affected by topsoil mining, their recovery was much slower. Stabilities of macro-aggregates of soil had fully recovered within 10-25 years after topsoil mining. The apparent changes in all the measured properties between 10 and 25 years of restoration were small in comparison with changes between 0-10 years of restoration after topsoil mining. The total C content of both soils under pasture appeared unlikely to attain the levels present in unmined soils. In soils undergoing restoration, the ratio of microbial C/total soil C may be a useful index of soil ‘biological stability’. Sulphatase activity may reflect the recovery of pasture production.     

Future of land use in Australia: An economic perspective

It is proposed that the standard economist's model of optimum land use is extended to include the interaction with land cover and land condition. Such a model allows consideration of the influence of market factors and government policies and programmes on land use patterns and management practices, and the feedback effect on land cover and land condition. Recent developments in the approach to modelling land condition, which include the joint consideration of economic factors and physical processes, are discussed. Factors affecting the pattern of agricultural land use in Australia are then reviewed. The importance of considering economic and physical interactions when assessing land use patterns is increasingly being recognized in research and policy development. If research is to meet the needs of land managers in the future then economists and physical scientists will need to integrate their data modelling capabilities in order to address natural resource management issues.     

坡地生物篱和缓坡地等高种植技术集成总结

灌阳县由于降雨时空分布不均,造成秋冬季节干旱严重,直接影响水果产量和品质.2005年6月在灌阳县灌阳镇和观音阁乡园地中,采用营造生物篱、等高种植、生物覆盖、滴灌等旱作节水农业技术措施,建立集成技术示范园,核心示范面积539亩.经过一年的实施,示范区水土流失明显减少,水果产量、品质明显提高.     

长白落叶松人工林的适宜经营密度

针对目前长白落叶松人工林间伐研究缺乏长期定位资料的状况,对东北东部林区同一立地条件下、同一林龄长白落叶松人工林采取不同密度经营指数(近似0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0、>1.0)进行了间伐,并长期记录其生长状况,研究其间伐的长期效果。结果表明:到达成熟期时,样地内保留木的平均胸径是随着经营密度指数的增大而减小,即间伐强度越大,林木的平均胸径越大。而不同的经营密度指数对单位面积蓄积量的影响没有明显差异。综合研究认为:落叶松人工林适宜采取的经营密度指数为0.7、0.8。     

浑善达克沙地东部地区天然水体的水化学组成及其控制因素

浑善达克沙地东部地区位于内蒙古高原,其天然水体为淡水。利用原始型Durov三线图对其天然水体进行水化学分类,结果表明,地表水水化学类型属于碳酸氢盐组,而地下水属于碳酸氢盐组、混合组和硫酸盐组多种类型。天然水体样品在Gibbs图中的分布表明,岩性控制是形成该地区天然水体水化学组成的主要因素,这种情况不同于我国西部和中部沙漠由于蒸发强烈而受控于蒸发-结晶作用的天然水体。天然水体的离子比例关系表明,地下水中蒸发盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化程度较高,而碳酸盐岩风化程度低,这可能是由于地下水的水-岩作用时间长、二氧化碳供给不充分引起的;相反,由于水-岩作用时间短、二氧化碳供给充分,地表水中蒸发盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化程度较低,而碳酸盐岩风化程度高。     

绿色农产品管理模式探析——以南京IC卡管理模式为例

以绿色农产品管理模式中比较典型的南京IC卡管理模式为分析对象,介绍了南京IC卡管理模式的基本流程,深入剖析了该管理模式的成功经验、存在问题和今后发展方向,为我国绿色农产品管理模式提供借鉴.     

基于AHP的土地整理综合效益评价实证研究

运用AHP,从社会、经济、生态和景观4个方面构建了土地整理综合效益评价指标体系,并对湖南省5个土地整理项目的综合效益进行了定量评价.结果表明:江华县涛圩镇土地整理项目综合效益较好,应尽快实施;其他4个项目综合效益一般,可根据实际情况择优实施.     

河北省土壤水资源划区探讨

综述了土壤水和土壤水资源的概念以及土壤水资源划区的意义,以土壤的地带性规律为基础,与农业综合区划相协调并保持乡级行政区界的完整性为划区原则,提出了河北省土壤水资源的划区方案.即河北省土壤水资源分为区、亚区和片3级,共划分为7个土壤水资源区、14个土壤水资源亚区和28个土壤水资源片.     

耕地细碎化、耕地质量认知与化肥施用效率 ——基于湖北省水稻种植户的调查数据

在中国倡导农业农村绿色发展的大背景下,化肥投入的政策导向逐渐由增量增产转变为减量增效,如何提高化肥施用效率成为当前重点关注的问题。本文依据湖北省水稻种植户微观调查数据,运用随机前沿法测算水稻种植户化肥施用效率,并在此基础上运用CLAD模型进一步分析耕地细碎化程度与耕地质量认知对化肥施用效率的影响。结果表明:当前水稻种植户化肥施用效率仅为63.85%,若完全消除效率损失,化肥施用效率仍有36.15%的提升空间;耕地细碎化程度显著降低了化肥施用效率,可能与农户的避险行为有关;耕地质量认知显著促进了化肥施用效率提升,说明农户对耕地质量的科学认识能够改善化肥施用效率。因此,提出加快耕地整合与耕地连片经营法律法规建设,加速耕地细碎化治理经验与创新结合,加强引导农户对化肥施用的正确认知,推行科学种植生产模式以提升化肥施用效率的政策建议。