石菖蒲、当归挥发油的提取及β-环糊精包合工艺研究

对石菖蒲、当归挥发油的提取及β-环糊精包合工艺进行了研究。以挥发油提取率及包合率为评价指标,采用正交试验法优选最佳提取及包合工艺条件,并采用薄层色谱法(TLC)、紫外光谱分析法(UC)及红外光谱分析法(IR)对包合物进行分析鉴定。得到最佳提取工艺:药材粉碎度粗粉10目,无需浸泡,提取时间8h;最佳包合工艺条件:mL(挥发油)与g(β-环糊精)的投料比=1∶8,包合温度60℃,搅拌时间2h,所形成的包合物通过TLC、UC、IR法证实工艺稳定、可行,为其在生产中的应用提供了依据。     

Varietal Differences in Cell Wall β-(1→3),(1→4)-Glucan and Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Rice Stems during the Grain Filling Stage

Abstract

The contribution of cell wall components and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) to grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was clarified by investigating the differences in the dynamics of hemicellulose, sugar composition of hemicellulose, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan, and NSC among cultivars with different grain filling capacities. This investigation was performed using the stems of standard, high yield and low harvest index (HI) cultivars. Hemicellulose concentration in stems tended to decrease slightly during the grain filling stage. This decrease was attributed to a decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan concentration, which was detected as a decrease in glucose composition of hemicellulose in the stems during the grain filling stage. The rate of decrease and decrease in the amount of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in the stems differed among the cultivars. These were higher in high yield and high HI cultivars than in relatively low yield and low HI cultivars. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between the rate of decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC, indicating similarities in the dynamics of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC among the cultivars. When the top half of panicle was removed, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC concentrations in the culm and leaf sheath did not decrease during the grain filling stage. Therefore, the β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in stems might be one of the sources that supply substrate to panicle as well as NSC.     

Decomposition of (1–3,1–4)-β-Glucan and Expression of the (1–3,1–4) -β-Glucanase Gene in Rice Stems during Ripening

Abstract

To elucidate the possible participation of hemicellulose decomposition in lodging resistance, we studied the change of hemicellulose and cellulose content in the stems of rice during the ripening stage by methylation analysis and the expression of related genes by Northern blotting. In the rice stem in ripening stage, content of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan, a component of hemicellulose, decreased markedly although the content of arabinoxylan, a major component of hemicellulose, and cellulose showed little change during the same growth period. On the other hand, expression of the Gns 1 gene, which may encode (1-3,1-4) -β-glucanase that catalyzes the degradation of (1-3,14) -β-glucan, increased sharply in the stem. The mechanism of decomposition of (1-3,1-4) -β-glucan in rice stem and the possible association with lodging resistance is discussed.     

TAP-HP-β-CD包合物在体外释药和鸡体内的药动学研究

[目的]研究甲砜霉素-羟丙基-β-环糊精（TAP-HP-β-CD）包合物的体外释药和鸡体内的吸收动力学特性。[方法]以甲砜霉素（TAP）原料药为对照药,采用小杯法测定TAP-HP-β-CD包合物的累积体外溶出度;将10只三黄鸡分成2组,即试验组和对照组,分别灌服TAP-HP-β-CD包合物和甲砜霉素粉后,分别在给药前、给药后0.08、0.25、0.50、1.00、1.50、2.00、3.00、4.00、6.00、8.00、10.00和12.00h鸡翅静脉采血2ml,取其血浆加入内标氟甲砜霉素,以乙腈提取溶剂,用RP-HPLC内标法检测其不同时间的血药浓度,采用3p87程序计算药物吸收动力学参数。[结果]TAP-HP-β-CD包合物的体外释药速度快,TAP包合物血药浓度达峰时间短、相对生物利用度高。[结论]该研究为TAP新剂型开发与利用提供了科学依据。     

Effects of Yeast Oligosaccharide Diet Supplements on Growth and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

Commercially available yeast and yeast subcomponents consisting mainly of β-glucan or oligosaccharide feed additives were added to diets of juvenile (12–18g) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at rates recommended by suppliers. Three experiments were conducted following a basic protocol with varied rates of supplementation, duration of feeding, and stocking densities. Experimental diets were fed twice daily to apparent satiation for a period of two or four weeks, at the end of which feed consumption and weight gain were measured. Following the experimental feeding period, serum components, including protein and immunoglobulin concentrations, as well as lysozyme and complement activities, were measured. A disease challenge was conducted with pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus iniae or Edwardsiella tarda. Weight gains were not significantly different in fish fed the supplemented diets when compared to the control diet. There were significant differences in fed intake within individual experiments; however, this effect was not consistent in all three experiments. Overall feed efficiency was not significantly affected by diet. There were no differences in serum components of fish sampled at two or four weeks. Fish fed the experimental diets did not have lower mortality or morbidity after disease challenge compared to fish fed the control diets. Specific antibody against S. iniae or E. tarda measured by ELISA did not reveal differences in the fish surviving the challenge. We conclude that the incorporation of these commercial yeast component products into the diet of juvenile Nile tilapia at these rates and for these feeding periods had no effect on growth, serum components, antibody responses, or survival following S. iniae or E. tarda infection.     

Effects of environment and variety on content and molecular weight of β-glucan in oats

Oat β-glucan has been shown to have cholesterol, insulin and glucose lowering effects, which are related to increased viscosity of the intestinal contents. Some important factors influencing the viscosity are molecular weight, structure and concentration. To study the effect of variety and environment on β-glucan content and molecular weight of β-glucan, four oat varieties were grown in 11 different environments (location × year combinations) in a field experiment. The β-glucan content varied between 2.3 and 3.2% and the average molecular weight of β-glucan between 1.73 and 2.02 × 10⁶ g mol⁻¹. There was a significant difference between varieties and environments for both β-glucan content and molecular weight of β-glucan. The effect of environment was much greater on molecular weight (71%) than on β-glucan content (42%), while the effect of variety was greater on β-glucan content (23%) than on molecular weight (4%). There was also a positive significant correlation between β-glucan content and molecular weight of β-glucan (p < 0.001, r = 0.46). These results show that β-glucan content is a better target for plant breeding than molecular weight. However, both factors are important for the physiological effects of β-glucan, and selection for high β-glucan content will probably also give higher molecular weight.     

尼罗罗非鱼MyD88基因荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了准确分析尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）髓样分化因子（myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88）在天然免疫反应中的作用,根据MyD88 EST序列（GenBank登录号：GR679416.1）和β-actin基因序列（GenBank登录号：AB037865.1）,分别在保守区域设计并合成引物。实验利用5倍系列稀释的尼罗罗非鱼肝脏cDNA样品构建标准曲线并进行融解曲线分析,建立尼罗罗非鱼MyD88的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光实时定量PCR检测方法。应用2?ΔΔCt分析方法初步检测了尼罗罗非鱼肝脏、脾脏、血液和肌肉等不同组织中的MyD88相对表达量。扩增结果表明MyD88和β-actin基因标准曲线CT值检测范围分别为24~35和19~30,扩增效率分别为100%和96.7%,相关系数分别为0.998和0.995;熔解曲线分析显示产物均形成单一特异峰,Tm值分别为78.5℃和77.5℃。定量分析结果显示,MyD88基因在参与机体免疫的相关组织肝脏、脾脏和血液中高丰度表达。     

燕麦中β-葡聚糖的含量及相对分子质量测定方法的研究进展

阐述了燕麦中β-葡聚糖的含量及相对分子质量测定方法的国内外研究动态和研究成果,其中包括对β-葡聚糖含量的测定方法(酶测定法、荧光法、高效液相色谱法、刚果红分光光度比色法)的研究,以及对β-葡聚糖相对分子质量测定方法(高效凝胶色谱法、凝胶色谱法、高效液相色谱法)的研究。     

复方β-环糊精莪术油栓的制备及质量检查

【研究目的】为了防止复方莪术油栓中有效成份的挥发,提高栓剂的溶解性,制备复方β-环糊精莪术油栓;【方法】采用饱和水溶液法制备莪术油β-环糊精包合物,将包合物和甲硝唑等以热熔法制成栓剂并依据兽药典进行质量检查;【结果】试验结果表明在薄层色谱图中,莪术油包合物与莪术油斑点一致,Rf值差异不显著。包合物中含油率为3.6％,油的收率为32.4％,包合物的收率为86.1％。栓剂重量在1.0g～3.0g之间者重量差异限度为±7.5％;栓剂均在30min内全部溶解;【结论】包合过程没有改变莪术油的化学成分,栓剂的质量符合2005版兽药典规定。