蚜虫性信息素

蚜虫报警信息素 [(E)-β-farnesene,简称EBF] 是蚜虫腹管分泌的一种物质,它能对同种其他个体产生报警反应,使其迅速逃离危险现场。作为天然蚜虫信息素,EBF通过蚜虫嗅觉系统的气味结合蛋白OBPs和嗅觉受体ORs发挥作用,具有驱避、杀蚜、增效等多种生物活性,可用于蚜虫的行为调控,但由于其结构中存在的共轭双键而导致其稳定性差,从而限制了其实际应用。本文在简介蚜虫报警信息素EBF的基础上,系统介绍了EBF的结构修饰和改造进展,并对EBF及其类似物的生物活性和作用机制进行了综述,最后对EBF及其类似物的应用前景进行了展望,期望为开发具有实用价值的生态友好型蚜虫控制剂提供参考。     

Molecular aspects of cereal β-glucan functionality: Physical properties,technological applications and physiological effects

Cereals β-glucans are linear homopolysaccharides of consecutively linked (1→4)-β-d-glucosyl residues (i.e. oligomeric cellulose segments) that are separated by single (1→3)-linkages. β-Glucans display all the functional properties of viscous and gel forming food hydrocolloids combined with all the physiological properties of dietary fibres. This review focuses on the relationships between the molecular–structural characteristics of β-glucans and their physicochemical properties in aqueous dispersions and in food systems as well as their physiological functions in the gastro-intestinal tract. The physical properties of β-glucans, such as solubility and rheological behaviour in the solution and gel states, are controlled by their molecular features, such as their distribution of cellulosic oligomers, their linkage pattern and their molecular weight as well as by temperature and concentration. The technological and nutritional functionality of β-glucans is often related to their rheological behaviour. Incorporation of β-glucans into various products (bread, muffins, pasta, noodles, salad dressings, beverages, soups, reduced-fat dairy and meat products) showed that attributes, such as breadmaking performance, water binding and emulsion stabilising capacity, thickening ability, texture, and appearance appear to be related to the concentration, molecular weight and structure of the polysaccharide. The health benefits of β-glucans, such as reducing blood serum cholesterol and regulating blood glucose levels, are also correlated with the amount and molecular weight of the solubilised β-glucans in the gastro-intestinal tract.     

Enzymatic extraction of beta-glucan from oat bran cereals and oat crackers and optimization of viscosity measurement

The viscosity of the soluble fibre, β-glucan, has been shown to influence its ability to lower serum cholesterol and postprandial blood glucose levels. The impact of various amylases, proteases and lipase on the solubility and resulting viscosity of β-glucan extracted from oat bran cereals with a range of β-glucan concentrations and molecular weights was investigated. Addition of enzymes increased the final viscosity of high molecular weight β-glucan in cereals by facilitating the release of β-glucan from the food matrix. For cereals with partially depolymerized β-glucan, the addition of digestive enzymes decreased the final viscosity by eliminating the contribution of starch and protein to viscosity. Final viscosity varied depending on enzyme combinations including pancreatin, salivary and microbial α-amylases, microbial protease, porcine protease, trypsin and α-chymotrypsin. Addition of lipase did not significantly affect viscosity or solubility of β-glucan extracted from oat crackers. Addition of lichenase showed that β-glucan was the major contributor of viscosity to the system, with negligible interference from other components. The viscosity of the optimized protocol was compared to physiological results previously obtained. The viscosity of β-glucan extracted with pancreatin plus microbial α-amylase (pH 6.9) was predictive of LDL-cholesterol reduction (R² = 0.847) and glycemic response (R² = 0.883).     

羧甲基-β-环糊精对二甲酚橙的包合作用研究

研究羧甲基-β-环糊精(CM-β-CD)对二甲酚橙(XO)的包合作用,提高XO的光热稳定性。采用紫外光谱法探讨在水相中CM-β-CD对XO包合的可行性,考察了两者的包合比和包合常数,测定20~45℃的包合常数和热力学参数。结果表明,在中性和弱碱性水相中,XO可进入CM-β-CD空腔自发形成摩尔比为1∶2的包合物。p H 7、25℃时包合物的包合常数Kf为9.52×105 L2/mol2,弱碱性条件有助于提高包合物稳定性;所得热力学参数说明包合反应是熵驱动、自发进行的吸热过程。     

伊曲康唑肌肉注射液的药代动力学研究

以羟丙基-β-环糊精化合物做辅料对伊曲康唑分子进行包合,制成肌肉注射剂,以山羊为试验动物,用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器对伊曲康唑肌肉注射剂的药代动力学进行研究。结果表明,伊曲康唑肌肉注射后最高药物浓度(Cma)x为226.67ng·mL-1;达峰时间Tmax为3h;血药浓度-时间曲线面积(AUC)48h为0.33898×104ng·h-1·mL-1;血浆药物浓度维持时间357h。由此可知伊曲康唑包合剂肌肉注射后可以达到一定的有效血药浓度,可用于皮肤真菌病的治疗。     

重组猪抑制素蛋白质中毒素残留检测及其理化稳定性

为探索纯化的重组猪抑制素蛋白质毒素残留情况以及重组猪抑制素蛋白质稳定性,本研究利用鲎试剂、气相色谱和SDS-PAGE方法对重组猪抑制素蛋白质中的细菌内毒素、β-巯基乙醇的残留量及其蛋白质在不同温度、极端p H值和反复冻融条件下的稳定性进行检测。结果显示,经过3次等电点沉淀洗涤后,重组猪抑制素蛋白质中细菌内毒素和β-巯基乙醇的残留量大幅减少。通过在不同温度下的处理发现,重组猪抑制素蛋白质在4℃环境下较稳定,可以长期保存;但在37℃时,稳定性快速下降,随着温度上升而降解加速。通过极端p H值和反复冻融试验发现,重组猪抑制素蛋白质对极端p H值和反复冻融具有较好的耐受性。     

湿地松左旋β-蒎烯合成酶基因PeTPS-(-)BPin的同源克隆及生物信息学分析

通过火炬松等松属树种的c DNA序列同源克隆了湿地松的左旋β-蒎烯合成酶基因(Pe TPS-(-)BPin),分析表明该基因与其他松属植物之间的同源性在90%以上,与松科其他属植物之间的同源性在80%以上。裸子植物不同萜烯合成酶基因(TPS)之间的同源性在70%以上。被子植物与裸子植物的TPS基因亲缘关系较远。左旋β-蒎烯合成酶的蛋白质分子式为C3197H4972N862O957S32,分子量为71.74 ku,带弱正电,为不稳定蛋白,易分解,含37个磷酸化位点,定位在叶绿体。蛋白质二级结构含有4个不规则卷曲,24个α-螺旋,三级结构中含有一个cd00684保守域。ELM中找到7个可能的功能域,包括一个NDR切割位点、两个磷酸肽配体、一个PDZ配体、一个SH2配体、两个磷酸化位点。在68、69位存在一个RR保守结构,猜测能够在第二个R的N末端断裂并与底物结合,从而参与底物异构化。在380~384位出现了DDxx D保守域,但未能在该区搜到可能的功能位点。预测的两个磷酸化位点位于302、623位氨基酸。     

利用抗性基因替换的方法将两个拷贝外源基因表达单元整合到枯草芽孢杆菌染色体基因组同一位点

本研究提供了一种新的整合多拷贝外源基因表达单元到枯草芽孢杆菌染色体同一位点的方法。以β-淀粉酶表达单元作为应用实例,本方法包括以下步骤：首先,构建含有一个拷贝β-淀粉酶表达单元的整合质粒pMLK83-CTBA,通过同源双交换获得单拷贝β-淀粉酶表达单元整合到枯草芽孢杆菌1A751染色体α-淀粉酶基因位点的菌株1A751[CTBA]Neo＋;然后,利用抗性基因替换质粒pVK71,将新霉素抗性基因替换为状观霉素抗性基因,得到1A751[CTBA]Neo-Spe＋;最后,整合质粒pMLK83-CTBA再以同源单交换方式整合到1A751[CTBA]Neo-Spe＋染色体,通过新霉素抗性和状观霉素抗性筛选出两个拷贝β-淀粉酶基因整合的重组菌1A751[CTBA2]Neo＋Spe＋。结果显示,利用此方法增加β-淀粉酶基因的拷贝数,能够显著和稳定地提高β-淀粉酶的表达量。     

醚菊酯中间体β,β-二甲基苯乙醇的制备

[目的]以溴苯为起始原料,经格式反应制备β,β-二甲基苯乙醇（c）。[方法]以溴苯为起始原料制备α,α-二甲基苄醇（a）,再以氯化亚砜为氯代试剂,由a制备α,α-二甲基氯化苄（b）。最后再通过（b）制备的格氏试剂与多聚甲醛反应,制备目标化合物——β,β-二甲基苯乙醇（c）。[结果]该制备方法可较好的制备目标化合物,收率达64.7%。[结论]此合成路线原料易得,工艺简单,收率较好。