文丘里施肥器性能数值模拟研究

文丘里施肥器以其结构简单、操作方便、无需动力等优点而被广泛应用,现今国内产品大多仿照国外制造,由于方法、技术等原因,其性能不是很理想。该文采用计算流体动力学(CFD)的数值计算方法,通过各结构参数(喉管直径、收缩段长度、凹槽直径、凹槽位置)对性能影响的单因素、二因素和全因素的数值模拟研究,得到文丘里施肥器结构参数与性能之间的影响关系以及性能优化的结构参数。研究结果表明：在进口压力和凹槽位置一定的情况下,减小喉管直径和收缩段长度以及增加凹槽直径均能使文丘里施肥器的吸肥量增加;在其他结构参数不变的条件下,随着凹槽右移数值的增加,吸肥量减小;随着进口压力的增加,吸肥量增大。该研究结果可为国内文丘里施肥器的优化设计与研制提供一定的理论依据。     

施用玉米植株残体对土壤富里酸组成、结构及其变化的影响

采用元素分析和谱学方法对施入玉米植株残体后的土壤FA的变化进行了研究，结果表明，施入玉米植株残体后土壤FA的C、H、N含量均升高，而O的含量降低，并且C／H、O／C和C／N比值均降低。土壤中FA的羧基含量减少，芳香碳的含量下降，FA的氧化程度降低，芳香度显著下降，FA的分子结构向更为简单化的方向发展。同时，酰胺成分增加，脂族链烃结构成分明显增多。土壤FA与无机矿物质的结合能力相对减弱，FA上的羧基逐渐由羧酸盐的形式向游离的羧基形式过渡。玉米植株残体的加入使FA中糖类结构成分增加。对土壤中FA的影响，施入玉米秸秆和根系残体的处理有一定差别。     

连栋塑料温室GLP-728结构的力学分析和优化设计初探

连栋塑料温室结构安装安全方便,投资相对节省,在我国得到广泛地应用。该文从结构力学的角度,对杭州地区典型的连栋塑料温室GLP-728结构进行理论分析,并采用优化设计理论,借助结构有限元分析软件,在原结构的基础上优化设计出一种安全、经济的连栋塑料温室结构。优化设计后的连栋塑料温室,其横边柱、拱架和中柱的强度利用率分别提高了18%、3%和25%,纵边柱由非安全失稳利用转向稳定安全性合理利用,主体结构节省钢材3.7%。     

杉木凋落物及其生物炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内的杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,设置单独添加生物炭、单独添加凋落物以及混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理,进行一年的室内培养实验,研究不同添加物处理对土壤性质及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:与对照(S)相比,单独添加凋落物与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使土壤磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)总量、真菌丰度以及真菌/细菌比值显著增加;单独添加生物炭与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使革兰氏阳性细菌/革兰氏阴性细菌比值显著增加。混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理的放线菌丰度显著高于单独添加凋落物处理的。主成分分析表明,不同添加物处理的土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异;典范对应分析表明,不同添加物处理通过改变土壤p H、全碳、全氮、C/N、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和可溶性有机氮(DON)等性质,进而影响土壤微生物群落结构。     

连续秸秆还田和免耕对土壤团聚体及有机碳的影响

选取湖北省武穴市8年田间定位试验中的传统耕作(CT)、秸秆还田配合传统耕作(CTS)、免耕(NT)和秸秆还田配合免耕(NTS)4种处理,研究连续秸秆还田和免耕措施对表层(0—20cm)和亚表层(20—40cm)土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳(SOC)的影响。结果表明:CTS、NT和NTS均显著增加了表层5mm水稳性团聚体的含量和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD),秸秆还田显著增加了亚表层土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD。与CT比较,CTS、NT、NTS处理的SOC含量分别增加20.83%,21.98%,32.76%。CTS和NTS处理显著提高了表层5,5~2,0.25mm团聚体中SOC含量,NT则显著提高了5,5~2mm团聚体中SOC含量;CTS显著增加了亚表层0.25 mm团聚体中SOC的含量。秸秆还田增加了表层土壤的碳(C)、氢(H)、氮(N)和氧(O)的含量,免耕降低了H的含量,增加了其他3种元素的含量,但是免耕处理增加了亚表层土壤中H的含量。NT和NTS处理较CT和CTS处理降低了土壤的H/C值,表明土壤的脂肪族成分在不断增加。秸秆还田主要增加了土壤中醇、酚类,芳香类,脂肪族化合物和碳水化合物的含量,而免耕主要增加脂肪族化合物的含量。这些有机组分的增加有助于团聚体稳定性的增强。     

Linking plant identity and interspecific competition to soil nitrogen cycling through ammonia oxidizer communities

Both plants and microbes influence soil nutrient cycling. However, the links between plants, microbes and nutrient cycling are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how plant identity and interspecific competition influence soil nitrogen cycling and attempted to link plant identity and interspecific competition to community structures of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers based on terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP) of bacterial and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. Faba bean and maize monocultures and a faba bean/maize mixture were planted with two nitrogen levels (0 and 100 mg N kg⁻¹ soil as urea). Soil mineral nitrogen, ammonia oxidizer function (potential nitrification activity, PNA) and community structures were measured 28 and 54 days after plant emergence. Faba bean and maize substantially differed in their influences on mineral nitrogen concentrations and PNA in rhizosphere soils. Soil mineral nitrogen and PNA in the rhizosphere soils of the faba bean/maize mixture were closer to those of the maize monoculture than to those of the faba bean monoculture. T-RFLP with restriction enzymes BsaJI and Hpy8I distinguished variations in bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers community structure, respectively, and detected both between-cluster and within-cluster variations in bacterial ammonia oxidizers. T-RFLP data showed that nitrogen addition favored part of a Nitrosospira cluster 3b sequence type and suppressed part of a cluster Nitrosospira 3a sequence type of bacterial ammonia oxidizers, while it had no influence on the archaeal ammonia oxidizer community structure. Although multivariate analysis showed that the function and community structure of bacterial ammonia oxidizers were significantly correlated, plant species and interspecific competition did not significantly change the community structure of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers. These results indicate that plant species and interspecific competition regulate soil nitrogen cycling via a mechanism of other than alteration in the community structure of ammonia oxidizers as investigated by DNA based methods.     

Soil aggregate formation and stability induced by starch and cellulose

Soil aggregate (SA) can be formed and stabilized when soil organic matter (SOM) is decomposed in the soil. However, the relationships between the SA dynamics and SOM with different decomposition rates have not been clarified. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the addition of polysaccharides to soil on SA formation and stability. A Japanese tropical soil was incubated for 99 d at 30 °C in a dark environment following the addition of 0.5% (w/w) starch or cellulose. The decomposition rates of the amendments, and SA formation and stability were evaluated by measuring soil respiration rates, and distribution fractions of soil aggregate sizes and mean weight diameter (MWD) of SA, respectively. The cumulative soil respirations with all treatments rapidly increased until Day 12 of the incubation. The initial slope of the cumulative soil respiration in the soil with starch was significantly higher than that in the soil with cellulose. In either soil with starch or cellulose, the fractions of macro-aggregates (>1000 μm in diameter) significantly increased, respectively, compared with control soil. However, the fractions of meso-aggregates (250–1000 μm) and nano-aggregate (<20 μm) in the soil with starch significantly decreased, while those fractions in the soil with cellulose fluctuated until Day 6. The MWDs reached the maximum on Day 6, indicating the SA formation in the soils with starch or cellulose. The increasing rate of the SA formation in the starch-amended soil was greatly higher than that in the cellulose-amended soil. After Day 6, the MWDs in the soils with either polysaccharide decreased with similar trends with no significant differences between treatments, indicating similar stability of the SA in both treatments. This study showed that the different decomposability of the organic amendments might influence the SA formation differently, but not the SA stability.     

地枫皮营养器官解剖结构特征及其叶片结构的生态适应性

为了明确地枫皮的结构特征及其在石灰岩山顶和山腰疏林间两种环境下生长的叶片解剖结构的差异,本研究采用石蜡切片和半薄切片对地枫皮营养器官进行解剖观察并评价了叶片结构对不同生态环境的响应.结果表明：地枫皮根中次生维管组织发达,木射线和韧皮射线明显.老茎的次生构造中,皮层贮藏物质丰富,内有大的石细胞群,韧皮射线和木射线明显;而髓细胞内含有大量晶簇和少量单晶.在叶片横切面观上,叶为异面叶,表皮细胞一层,上表皮无气孔分布,主脉中薄壁细胞中分散有石细胞.叶片解剖结构显示,随海拔高度上升,地枫皮趋向于旱生植物的特点,其主要表现在叶片表皮细胞外壁角质层加厚,栅海比增加、海绵组织排列由紧密变疏松.另外,根皮、茎皮和叶肉中都分布有大量油细胞.     

Turfgrass Root Response to Subsurface Soil Compaction

Soil compaction prevents turfgrass roots from growing deep into the soil and may limit access to water and nutrients. The objective of this study was to characterize the ability of turfgrass roots to penetrate a compacted subsurface layer. Seven turfgrasses were grown in soil columns. Each column was divided into three sections with the top and bottom packed to a bulk density of 1.6 g cm^?3, and the middle (treatment) layer packed to 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, or 2.0 g cm^?3. Subsurface compaction reduced root mass for two of the species, and inhibited deep root growth in all seven species, with the greatest reduction occurring between 1.7 and 1.8 g cm^?3. There appears to be little difference between species in ability to penetrate compacted soils, suggesting that soil preparation and routine management practices, rather than grass selection, is the more viable way to handle soil compaction problems in turf.     

豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂和硫氧还蛋白的融合表达和活性测定

采用融合蛋白表达技术，通过1个人工设计合成的柔性接头，将豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(cowpea trypsin inhibitor,CpTI)基因与表达载体上的硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin )基因连接，构建了融合表达载体。将表达载体转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )GI724，通过色氨酸诱导获得高效表达，产物以可溶状态存在。活性测定显示，融合蛋白具有抑制胰蛋白酶的生物学活性。以大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂为参照，将融合蛋白热处理后进行活性测定，发现它具有较好的热稳定性。将肠激酶(enterokinase)与融合蛋白在37 ℃作用16 h，可获得切掉thioredoxin的CpTI蛋白。活性测定显示，切除thioredoxin后CpTI的胰蛋白酶抑制活性比同样处理条件下的thioredoxin-CpTI明显下降，比活力仅为原来的80%，说明融合蛋白具有更高的稳定性。研究结果为thioredoxin-CpTI作为一种生物农药的应用奠定了基础。