Rural Governance, Forestry, and the Promotion of Local Knowledge: The Case of the German Rural Development Program ‘Active Regions’

This article investigates the role of local knowledge in the policy approach of neo-endogenous rural development, which may be held by local and regional actors such as municipal and county level politicians, local and regional level administration, entrepreneurs as well as local third sector representatives. The main question addressed is whether local knowledge under this approach is merely mobilised or if rural development processes are even based on such knowledge, placing it at the centre of such policy. The relevance of this approach to forestry is also explored. The types of forest owners for which the neo-endogenous rural development approach is appropriate and the types that may have difficulties in coping with this cross-sectoral and area-based approach are especially examined. Using a case study design on the German Active Regions funding program it is shown that the neo-endogenous approach is most relevant to large private forest owners and small-scale corporate enterprises, but also has potential for small- and medium-sized private owners. Concerning the role of knowledge held by local and regional actors, the approach is shown to largely build on the use of local expertise, and hence policy acceptance increases. However, scientific knowledge as well as politics are found to play a major role in the use, production and interpretation of local knowledge.     

论西部地区高校图书馆对弱势群体的知识援助

高校弱势群体主要是指高校在校的＂生理性弱势群体＂和＂社会性弱势群体＂的学生。分析了造成西部高校弱势群体的原因,提出高校图书馆开展知识服务援助的措施,通过对弱势群体的知识援助来体现图书馆自我文化塑造、文化发展和人文关怀精神。     

农民经济合作组织的发展困境与两种资本局限的分析——关于吉林省47个样本的调查与思考

农民经济合作组织具有应对市场竞争及满足农民利益诉求两个主要任务,正因如此,第一种资本——组织的资金资本与第二种资本——组织负责人的社会及知识资本对组织运行质量的好坏起到决定作用,而且第二种资本的作用是长期的也更为重要。通过对吉林省47个农民经济合作组织进行分析,发现被调查组织存在运行质量不高等困境,要促进农民经济合作组织的发展,除需对其进行资金资本支持外,更应创造条件让农民经济合作组织的负责人具有更多的社会资本及更好的知识资本。     

加快毕节地区石漠化生态治理及可持续发展进程的探讨

毕节地区土地石漠化的不断加剧和贫困落后互为因果,在岩溶山区极具典型性和代表性。根据毕节地区石漠化成因以及石漠化危害,结合已开展过的石漠化防治工作经验,在此基础上提出对加快石漠化生态治理及可持续发展进程的探讨。     

Comanagement for aquaculture: Suggestions from a comparative study between two major production areas of milkfish in the Philippines

ABSTRACT

This study examined if, and how, comanagement is effective in controlling aquaculture industry in the municipalities of Anda and Bolinao in the province of Pangasinan, in the Philippines, the locations of two major production areas of milkfish (Chanos chanos) in the country. Institutional and community analyses conducted in these study sites revealed a unique hierarchy of resource users, as well as unique social and economic problems in aquaculture, distinct from those of capture fishery. It was also indicated that comanagement is seen as a solution for essential practices to be enforced practically and sustainably for the management of this industry. To improve aquaculture governance, it is desired that the comanagement scheme shall include not only the governments and fishers but also business operators who often have large capital and a high degree of power.     

德国林业管理体制和成效借鉴

德国是林业发达国家,完善的林业管理体制是德国增加森林资源、鼓励林业可持续发展和环境保护的重要基础。文中介绍德国森林资源概况、联邦和州层面的森林管理体制以及森林法律法规,分析其对德国林业管理的影响,并提出对我国林业管理的启示。     

高校图书馆知识服务现状分析研究

阐述高校图书馆知识服务的特点及研究发展动因．分析目前国内外高校图书馆知识服务现状．提出高校图书馆要不断完善信息资源建设,提高知识服务的质量,加强人才队伍建设及重视知识服务的效益化评估,提升高校图书馆的知识服务能力,促进知识服务持续发展。     

Linking models for assessing agricultural land use change

The ex-ante assessment of the likely impacts of policy changes and technological innovations on agriculture can provide insight into policy effects on land use and other resources and inform discussion on the desirability of such changes. Integrated assessment and modeling (IAM) is an approach that can be used for ex-ante assessment. It may combine several quantitative models representing different processes and scales into a framework for integrated assessment to allow for multi scale analysis of environmental, economic and social issues. IAM is a challenging task as models from different disciplines have a different representation of data, space and time. The aim of this paper is to describe our strategy to conceptually, semantically and technically integrate a chain of models from different domains to assess land use changes. The models that were linked are based on different modeling techniques (e.g. optimization, simulation, estimation) and operate on different time and spatial scales. The conceptual integration to ensure consistent linkage of simulated processes and scales required modelers representing the different models to clarify the data exchanged and interlinking of modeling methodologies across scales. For semantic integration, ontologies provided a way to rigorously define conceptualizations that can be easily shared between various disciplines. Finally, for technical integration, OpenMI was used and supplemented with the information from ontologies. In our case, explicitly tackling the challenge of semantic, conceptual and technical integration of models forced researchers to clarify the assumptions of their model interfaces, which helped to document the model linkage and to efficiently run models together. The linked models can now easily be used for integrated assessments of policy changes, technological innovations and societal and biophysical changes.     

政府规制理论在我国近海渔业管理中应用的探讨

自由准入状态导致了渔业资源产权的不确定性, 过度投资和过度利用使得渔业资源过度消耗。要实现渔业资源的可持续发展就必须对渔业进行适当的规制。政府规制是指政府直接干预微观经济主体活动的一种行为方式, 可分为经济性规制和社会性规制。渔业规制关注的不仅仅是管理的合法性问题, 更多的是管理的最佳性问题, 即用最佳管理方式实现渔业的可持续性发展。随着现代社会政府与公民的二元对立观念不断减弱, 管理者与被管理者由对立转向合作, 传统的以(捕捞)许可为中心的渔业管理方式已经不适应现代渔业管理的发展, 有必要引进政府规制理论提升和改造命令控制式的渔业规制方式。本研究基于政府规制理论提出了“合作性治理”模式, 改变了“政府—渔民”两方博弈为多主体共同管理, 通过创设合理的产权制度、有效的激励性规制和成本效益分析方法建立起合作、共享机制以实现渔业管理的目的。