The routes to fruit: Governance of urban food trees in Canada

Interest in planting urban food trees (UFTs) in public spaces is growing in popularity as a form of urban greening and a potential food source. Currently there is minimal research on the governance and policy aspects of integrating food trees into cities. To fill this gap, we investigated the characteristics of UFT site governance and how it compares to current urban forest governance. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant municipal officials in Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Victoria about their perspectives and involvement with UFT sites in their city. A scan of policy documents was completed to supplement the interviews. The interviews were analyzed using a deductive coding framework based on the Policy Arrangement Approach. We found that key actors at the UFT sites were local organizations and site champions, with minimal municipal engagement. Most site resources provided by municipalities were in-kind. There are also basic knowledge gaps about how to care for UFTs. Currently municipal by-laws prohibit the harvesting and removal of plant material, and are at odds with the purpose of UFT sites, with few municipalities fully integrating UFTs in policies. The primary discussion around UFTs centre concerns for public health and safety, management, and use of public space with limited discussions of benefits. This research demonstrates the value of co-governance models to support UFTs, while a shift in focus from risks to benefits could encourage additional resources and policy integration. Further, including UFTs into policy would also support foraging and food tree maintenance in public spaces, and more fully reflect the plurality of urban forest engagement.     

Regulation of space in the contemporary postcolonial Pacific city: Port Moresby and Suva

Abstract: National development problems in the weak states of Papua New Guinea and Fiji have resulted in external intervention. However neo‐liberal development strategies have not resolved development problems and may have further weakened state structures. In both capital cities rural‐urban migration, rising urban unemployment, and the expansion of squatter settlements and the informal sector have all continued in recent years. The numbers of beggars, street kids and prostitutes have increased, as has domestic violence and crime. Governments have opposed all these trends, by regulation and intolerance, violence, routine repression and eviction, rather than by pro‐poor policies. Settlers, prostitutes, beggars, street kids and market vendors have been evicted and moved on, on the ideological premise that that their true place is in rural areas, and that their urban presence challenges and threatens notions of urban order. Moral regulation, social exclusion and moral panic have divided ‘good citizens’ from marginal and possibly criminal others, intensifying social divisions within the cities. Sustainable urban development has proved difficult to achieve.     

Consensus versus dissent: Democracy,pluralism and governance in Sāmoa

Abstract: Consensus is a term widely used in Sāmoa and elsewhere in the Pacific. It is considered to be a key feature of decision‐making and a fundamental characteristic of fa’asāmoa and other Pacific ways of being and doing. In Sāmoa it has been a mark of the strength and continuity of the fa’a matai through the ages of colonialism, neo‐colonialism and globalisation. However, although it has evolved in many ways to take into account new social trends (for instance allowing children to take part in family discussions) and remains strong at the family and village level, its role at the national level has virtually disappeared. This is seldom stated publicly and consensus is still held up as a defining characteristic of Sāmoaness. At the same time, although the rise of dissent is given little acknowledgement, it permeates public life. One could assume, based on this result that the ideology of consensus is perpetuated in order to reduce national public debate on governance issues.     

The politics of water democracy: insights from grassroot struggles in the Ecuadorian Highlands

In the past two decades spaces for user participation have been opened within water governance structures at many scales. In this contribution, based on a case study of the Provincial Water Users Federation Interjuntas‐Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Highlands, I explore how and why formal participation of water users in itself is problematic in terms of democracy. The case shows that for organised peasant water users to work on more democratic water governance, the creation of upscaled federations, alliances, networks and sometimes street protests is crucial to open up spaces in which their interests are represented. This suggests that democracy is not merely about participation, but more importantly, it is about the politics of how democracy is made through conflicts, protests, negotiations and the creation of strategic alliances that challenge the structures and processes through which decisions are taken.     

实用型荔枝虫害诊断专家系统设计方法研究 实用型荔枝虫害诊断专家系统设计方法研究

针对大型检索表为表示的专家知识体系，研究提出了一套可重用的、实用性强的系统设计方法，建立了荔枝虫害诊断专家系统（LDS）。经生产示范应用表明：实现了人机操作界面直观、明了，降低了客户端的专业要求，提高了系统的实用性。还对系统所构造的人机界面、知识存储结构设计和控制策略给出实践示例。     

农村土地资源纠纷：利益博弈与乡村治理——基于古村的案例分析

为了深入解读农村土地资源纠纷,采用文献研究法、案例研究法,对发生在古村的土地资源纠纷的案例调查为基础展开研究。试图分析该村土地纠纷的产生、应对的全貌,并分析整个过程中的利益博弈状况,探寻各方力量在化解中的博弈过程,探究多元纠纷解决方式的构建与乡村治理运行诸问题,从而提出应对土地纠纷化解的乡村治理策略。各种力量在土地资源所涉及的利益博弈过程中利益失衡而产生纠纷,这些纠纷通过正式制度设置与非正式制度安排加以化解,促使乡村社会的管理将转向较科学的乡村治理。     

Effect of Peat-based Container Media on Establishment of Scots Pine,Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings after Transplanting in Contrasting Water Conditions

Abstract

Urban woodlands are the subject of complex decision-making that requires a strategic overview of the resource. This article contributes a national study of municipal woodland in Denmark. Data were collected among all Danish municipalities through a postal survey (with a response rate of 52%). As much as 83% of the woodland units were located within urban settlements or at their fringe, emphasising that municipalities are important urban woodland providers. Municipal woodland resources were typically divided into many separate units of varying size. On average, the responding municipalities owned 12.6 woodland units with an allocated area of 265 ha, resulting in a mean size of 21.5 ha. A general lack of management plans, and a significant drop in recreational facilities provided with decreasing woodland size indicate that the recreational use potential of small woodland units was largely overlooked. Municipal woodland units frequently bordered other woodland or nature areas of different ownership. Thus even small municipal woodlands can play a key role in the development of multifunctional green infrastructures in the urban landscape. Only municipalities with extensive woodland property had issued a woodland policy, and/or certified woodland management. This indicates a need for development of governance and strategic management instruments attractive to municipalities with limited woodland property.     

木材选用咨询专家系统的设计

阐述了木材选用咨询专家系统的建立，着重介绍了面向对象的知识表示方法在系统的规划与设计过程中的实现，以及系统结构、知识库和推理策略的设计与实现，并指出在实际生产中的意义。     

乌干达林业发展概况与林业管理体系

位于非洲东部的乌干达是初级林产品生产国, 原木是其主要林产品。文中通过查阅相关文献资料, 对乌干达的林业管理体系进行了梳理和分析, 概述了乌干达森林资源和林产品贸易状况, 重点介绍了乌干达林业管理机构与林业相关政策法规; 在此基础上, 对我国林业企业参与乌干达森林资源合作开发与利用提出建议。     

Developments in Swedish forest policy and administration – from a “policy of restriction” toward a “policy of cooperation”

Abstract

New tools and forms of cooperation at the landscape level are needed in order for forestry and environmental conservation to co-exist in areas with many land owners. Awareness has existed for several years in Sweden that cooperation at the landscape level is essential for protecting areas of high environmental value. This awareness has come to expression in several projects and initiatives. One of these projects is the Östra Vätterbranterna Partnership, a successful example of the new orientation toward environmental management as formulated in the government bill Sustainable protection of nature areas: new working methods with a focus on collaboration and increased dialog by involving more actors and utilizing a greater combination of steering instruments. This development resonates with the growing trend toward deregulation and less state intervention in environmental management, implying a stronger emphasis on new governance structures and market-driven processes. This paper examines the preconditions for a development toward governance-oriented forms of steering in the area of environmental policy and law, with specific emphasis on the protection of forestry areas with high environmental value. Paralleling this development, the transformation of environmental public administration is analyzed, using a model representing three different perspectives on administration's role, values and meaning, showing state action's progressive transition from “rowing” to “steering” to “serving” and facilitating.