国内典型烤烟烟叶的燃烧行为与动力学特性研究

采用热重分析法,全面考察了37个不同产地部位的国内典型烤烟烟叶在4个不同升温速率下的燃烧行为.结果表明,烤烟热解主要分为失水、挥发份析出与燃烧、焦炭燃烧与燃尽阶段;升温速率的改变对TG/DTG曲线产生明显的影响.运用K-A-S法对烤烟在热解过程中的不同转化率下进行动力学分析,给出了所有样品不同阶段的活化能分布,并且发现低温段的活化能高于高温段.最后,对比分析了不同产地、部位活化能的分布情况.     

Diversity of soil cellulase isoenzymes is associated with soil cellulase kinetic and thermodynamic parameters

This study was conducted to determine how land management in three ecosystems including forest, rangeland, and saline desert soils affects the activity and diversity of isoenzymes, and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of soil cellulase. Cellulase was chosen because it hydrolyzes cellulose, a major plant substance entering the soils. Soil samples were collected in October 2009 from a native forest, a native rangeland, and a native saline desert as well as adjacent cultivated fields in central Iran. Land use changes of the native forest, rangeland, and saline desert soils resulted in 79%, 47%, and 73% reductions in cellulase activity, respectively. The Michaelis constant (K_m) increased but the maximum catalytic velocity (V_max) decreased for soil cellulase as a result of cultivation in the study areas. The thermodynamic parameters (E_a and Q₁₀) of soil cellulase were also affected by cultivation. Higher E_a and Q₁₀ values were obtained for the native soils, but the lower values belonged to the cultivated soils. The cellulase zymographic pattern revealed different cellulase isoenzymes in the soils. The prevailing cellulase isoenzymes in the soils were found to have molecular weights of 62 and 74 kDa in the native forest, 86 kDa in the cultivated forest, 55 and 65 kDa in the native rangeland, and 72 kDa in the reclaimed saline areas. Evidence reveals that the sensitivity of soil cellulase kinetic and thermodynamic parameters to land management seems to be due to differences in the cellulase isoenzymes present in soils.     

蘑菇培养废料的土壤培肥增产效果研究

蘑菇培养后的废料做水稻基肥 1～4t/亩 ,可增加土壤有机质 ,有效磷和有效钾 ;提高水稻产量 .     

中国南方两类典型土壤对五价锑的吸附行为研究

研究我国南方两类典型土壤(红壤和棕色石灰土)对五价锑[Sb(V)]的等温吸附、动力学吸附-解吸过程,比较常用动力学方程对吸附动态曲线的拟合效果,采用分级提取方法分析锑在土壤中的结合形态。试验结果表明,酸性红壤对Sb(V)的吸附量(13.8μmol g-1)和吸附速度(0.58μmol g-1h-1)均大于棕色石灰土(9.19μmol g-1;0.38μmol g-1h-1),Sb(V)在红壤表面吸附是一个快速不可逆过程。锑主要以结合较强的Fe、Al氧化物结合态和残渣态存留在两种土壤中,专性和非专性吸附形态含量很低,也说明锑在土壤中以不可逆吸持为主。比较4种动力学吸附方程对实验结果的拟合程度发现,对于红壤而言,浓度较高的情况下Elovich方程(R2=0.96)的拟合性较好,浓度较低的情况下拟二阶动力学方程(R2=0.97、1.00)的拟合性较好;而对于棕色石灰土,在3种浓度下,双常数方程(R2=0.96、0.94、0.93)的拟合性均较好。     

溴酸钾氧化孔雀石绿和甲基红的褪色光度法测定NO2-的研究

[目的]建立一种新的测定痕量亚硝酸根的方法。[方法]在磷酸介质中以CTMAB为活化剂,利用亚硝酸根对溴酸钾氧化孔雀石绿和甲基红的褪色反应有催化作用,通过测定．摹20和612nm处催化和非催化体系吸光度的变化值,建立双波长双指示剂催化动力学光度法测定痕量亚硝酸根的新方法。[结果]该方法的线性范围为0-0．16μg／ml,检出限为0．0043μg/ml。[结论]将该方法用于榨菜试样中亚硝酸根的测定。结果满意。     

全脂奶粉的脂肪氧化动力学研究

[目的]研究全脂奶粉在不同贮存温度下的脂肪氧化行为。[方法]选用硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA值)为评价指标,考察了温度和时间对全脂奶粉脂肪氧化的影响,并分别对脂肪氧化程度和脂肪氧化速率进行了动力学分析。[结果]当保存温度在30～40℃时,脂肪氧化随时间的变化符合一级反应动力学;当温度为50℃时,脂肪氧化随时间的变化同时符合一级和零级反应动力学,但是零级反应动力学更准确。全脂奶粉脂肪氧化一级反应动力学的活化能Ea为29.81 kJ/mol。[结论]利用脂肪氧化速率随温度变化的动力学模型,可以预测30～50℃任意温度下的全脂奶粉脂肪氧化速率常数。     

pH胁迫下尖孢镰刀菌生长动力学模型

尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)是兼性寄生真菌,引起农作物枯萎病,防治困难。研究来自不同寄主的尖孢镰刀菌在不同pH马铃薯蔗糖(PS)琼脂培养基上的生长情况,构建动力学模型,以了解培养基的初始pH差异对尖孢镰刀菌生长特性的影响。测定了尖孢镰刀菌菌株在不同pH培养基、25℃培养条件下的生长速度,构建生长动力学模型。供试6个尖孢镰刀菌菌株在pH为3~10的液体培养基中均有不同程度生长,不同菌株对培养基pH的影响规律相似,在不同pH的PS液体培养基中培养14 d后,液体培养基的pH均有靠近6~7的趋势。在pH为3~9的培养条件下,尖孢镰刀菌菌落可以分成4类:菌丝型、粘滑层型、菌丝粘滑层型和菌丝带粉状物,各菌株的菌丝和培养基色泽也有所差异。同一菌株在培养基不同pH下生长速度不同,其生长的最适pH为6~8,菌落平均直径最大(45~49 mm),亚适pH为4、5和9;而在pH为3、10和11时菌落直径明显变小(17~21 mm)。培养14 d后培养基pH对菌落形态、色泽有一定的影响,不同菌株在不同pH培养基培养下产孢量也存在差异。pH在4~8时其平均产孢量最大,达(223.8~273.3)×104cfu.mL 1,其中pH为6.38(自然pH)时产孢量最高,pH为11时产孢量最低。供试菌株在不同pH条件下的菌落生长速度和产孢量变化动力学模型均符合二次曲线方程。     

A protocol for the assay of arylesterase activity in soil

We set up a protocol for the assay of the arylesterase activity, using p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NPA) as substrate, dimethylsulfoxide as solvent, modified universal buffer at pH 7.5, and determination of the reaction product (p-nitrophenol) after separation of non-hydrolysed p-NPA after reaction, and tested it using eight soils with a wide range of characteristics. Various incubation temperatures and times, pH values and substrate concentrations were also used to find the optimal conditions for the enzyme activity and to determine characteristics and kinetic parameters of soil arylesterase. Arylesterase activity was significantly correlated with total organic C, total N, and soil ATP content. Soil arylesterase activity showed a pH optimum at 7.5, optimal temperature between 55 and 65 °C and linear increase with incubation time. The K_m values ranged from 4.3 to 8.5 mM, the V_max values from 326 to 803 μmol p-NP g⁻¹ h⁻¹, with higher K_m values observed in soils with higher organic matter content. We conclude that the proposed assay protocol is suitable to determine the arylesterase activity in a wide range of soils.     

含有非水相液体(苯)的土壤气相抽提体系传质实验研究

选取砂土作为实验室一维土柱通风实验的研究对象,考察了不同含水量(0%、21.9%、36.6%及51.2%)条件下,苯在气-水-油-固4相共存的土壤气相抽提体系(Soil vapor extraction,SVE)体系中的相间传质过程。并用局部相平衡模型及非平衡动力学模型预测结果与实验结果进行了比较。干燥情况下,局部相平衡模型可以描述通风过程,随着含水量的增加实验结果严重偏离平衡模型。含水量为21.9%、36.6%及51.2%时,非平衡动力学模型与实验结果较为符合。结果表明,土壤含水量影响气-液(Non-aqueousphase liquid,NAPL)间的传质,干燥土壤中相平衡模型可以描述SVE修复过程。随含水量的增加修复进程偏离相平衡模型较严重,此时需要用非平衡动力学模型来描述。