Water production functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with saline and alkali waters using double-line source sprinkler system

Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m⁻¹; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L⁻¹; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR 10.3 mmol L⁻¹; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m⁻¹, SAR 15.1 mmol L⁻¹; RSC 9.6 meq. L⁻¹). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha⁻¹ with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha⁻¹ and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha⁻¹ for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)² − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10⁻²(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R² = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)² − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10⁻⁴(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R² = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.     

番茄芽枯病现状调查及其防治

针对番茄芽枯病发生现状,在阐述该病害表现症状的基础上,分析了其发病特点及原因,包括水分供应不足、高温引起水分失衡、高温烫伤及微量元素不足等,并从培养无病壮苗、定植管理、水分管理、蹲苗及中午通风遮阳等方面论述了番茄芽枯病的防治方法.     

网围养蟹对浮游植物群落结构变化的影响

2008年6月至2009年5月,调查了阳澄湖网围养殖区及对应湖泊区域3组对照点的浮游植物群落结构特征,分析了浮游植物群落结构与环境变量之间的关系,利用多种参数对其水质进行评价。经鉴定,共采集到浮游植物8门116属275种,网围内主要优势种为不定微囊藻(Microcyst isincerta)、铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa)和伪鱼腥藻属未定种(Pseudoanabaena sp.),网围外主要优势种为不定微囊藻、铜绿微囊藻、伪鱼腥藻属未定种及密集微囊藻(M. densa)。网围内浮游植物生物密度年均值[(3 143. 38±3 660. 84)×104个/L]及生物量[(3. 71±2. 31) mg/L]均低于网围外湖区对照点生物密度年均值[(3 830. 77±4 296. 56)×104个/L]及生物量[(5. 24±4. 10) mg/L]。冗余分析(RDA)表明,水温是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子,与生物密度呈正相关关系。水质分析表明,网围内外水体均为富营养化中污染水平,且3组对照点之间无显著性差异(P 0. 05)。     

乌龙茶饮料的反渗透浓缩试验

研究茶饮料的温度、浓度和压力对反渗透浓缩速度的影响,检验反渗透膜的再生性能,测量浓缩过程的能耗,鉴定浓缩茶饮料的品质、结果表明,该工艺与传统工艺相比,具有高品质、低成本、易操作的特点,有推广潜力。     

基于关键气象因子的中稻单产动态预报

利用重庆市1986-2009年中稻单产和中稻生育期内旬平均气温、旬降水量、旬日照时数等资料,采用统计分析法建立中稻气象产量动态预报模型,在此基础上预报中稻单产。用5a滑动平均方法分离中稻趋势产量,在分析气象产量与中稻全生育期逐旬气象要素相关性的基础上,以3月中旬平均气温、5月下旬日照时数、7月中旬平均气温、7月中旬降水量、7月中旬日照时数、7月下旬平均气温、7月下旬降水量和8月上旬平均气温等作为关键气象因子,建立中稻气象产量动态预报模型,并应用该模型实现中稻单产动态预报。对1986-2009年的中稻单产做模拟检验,平均准确率在96%以上,95%以上的年份预报准确率超过90%。对2010年的单产进行预报,准确率为91.5%～92.8%,预报准确率较高,基本能满足业务服务的需要。     

Influence of Rooting Media on Chrysopogon Zizanioides (L.) Roberty

The present study was carried out to find the influence of some organic materials on the optimum biomass production of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty (Vetiver) using soil (S), vermicompost (VC), cow dung (CD) and coir pith (CP) at different ratios. The final day results showed that the ideal combination for the growth of the Vetiver is 1:1:1:1 v/v ratio of VC/CD/CP/S. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N)- phosphorus (P)- potassium (K), organic carbon (OC), and carbon (C)/N ratio showed in 1:1:1:1 v/v ratio of (VC/CD/CP/S), on 120th day were 7.3, 0.38 dS m^?1, 1.36%, 0.11%, 8.7%, 20.5% and C/N ratio is 15:1. The root and shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, number of culms, and total chlorophyll content of Chrysopogon zizanioides were 65cm, 197 cm, 312 g, 104.4 g, 36 culms/plant and 40.57 mg/g at 1:1:1:1 v/v ratio of (VC/CD/CP/S) treatment and compared to control sets, the increasing ratio were 6:1, 3:1, 12:1, 12:1, 3:1, 2:1 respectively.     

浮游动物在生物操纵法除藻中的作用研究

采用室外现场实验和室内受控生态系统实验相结合的方法,研究了富营养化水体中浮游动物对藻类生长的控制作用。对浮游动物与藻类的计数与测量数据,利用SPSS统计软件进行了方差分析（LSD多重比较法）和相关性分析。实验结果显示,总磷含量比总氮含量对浮游动物生长的影响更大。浮游动物与藻类之间呈现显著或极显著相关关系,说明浮游动物群体,尤其甲壳类群体,在适当条件下对藻类群体以及其中的蓝藻有一定的控制作用。适当的鱼类密度下,浮游动物能够起有效的控藻作用,但鱼类密度过高会抑制该作用。底泥在生态系统中起重要作用,能够影响浮游动物对藻类的摄食力。     

基于ArcEngine的水污染突发事件水力应急调度管理信息系统的研究与实现

针对江河流域水污染突发状况,采用GIS工具与数据库相结合的方式,模拟水污染突发状况的范围,为应急预案提供直观、科学的理论依据。系统将空间数据、属性数据与集成项目管理结合起来,使水环境监测、污染源检索、排污口定位等功能可视化、系统化、标准化,提高了模块的实用性。     

内燃机驱动常温烟雾机的电气特性

内燃机驱动常温烟雾机的轴流风机动力是由本系统内燃机驱动的直流发电机提供。为了确定电气系统的组成构件及其规格、技术参数，本项目在二相流喷雾试验台上进行了逐项及组合性能试验。掌握了各要素的工作原理、技术性能、匹配参数及合适的工况点，为设计、研制内燃机驱动常温烟雾机提供了依据。     

压力补偿式变量泵的改进

根据压力补偿式变量泵在使用中存在的变量冲击、最大流量无法预置等问题，对该类泵的调节性能进行分析和比较，提出了一种改进结构的方法。在限压式变量叶片泵上，采用变刚度的双弹簧；在恒功率变量柱塞泵的变量部分，采取增加斜盘倾斜角预置调节等措施。改进后变量泵的在液压机上实际运用，效果良好。