文山州石漠化状况及成因分析

文山州石漠化面积10017．3km^2,占全州岩溶面积的59．65％,占国土面积的31．07％．目前石漠化已经成为制约文山州经济社会可持续发展最严重的生态地质环境问题,主要危害是：土地退化,环境污染日益严重;土地生态功能下降;加剧区域农民贫困．文山州石漠化的形成是由于岩溶地区地质环境脆弱,在不合理的人类活动和自然因素作用下,一些地区植被退化乃至消亡,导致水土严重流失,最终形成了连片分布的裸露石漠．     

大兴安岭南段山地造林立地类型划分

以大兴安岭南段山地近40年来营造的针叶树人工林地为研究对象,采用典型抽样获得了169个样地林分和立地条件资料,将林木生长指标与立地因子指标结合应用,用统计分析方法,划分出4个造林立地类型组,39个造林立地类型。     

北盘江喀斯特峡谷区不同植被类型的土壤酶活性

土壤酶催化土壤中的一切生物化学反应,对土壤肥力有重要影响(郑文教等,1995),是土壤质量变化中比较敏感的一种生物学指标(李勇,1989),与植被生长密切相关(何腾兵等,2000).     

徐州石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式对土壤健康的影响

在对徐州石灰岩山地不同植被恢复类型土壤理化性质研究的基础上,综合分析了不同植被恢复类型对土壤健康影响,结果表明：石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式土壤健康存在明显差异。其中：针阔混交林中土壤物理性质较好,说明混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤物理性质;土壤有机质和各养分含量上层明显高于下层,且各养分含量均以针阔混交林最高,进一步说明混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤化学性质。应用主成分分析方法对3种植被类型林分土壤健康状况综合评价指标主成分得分,针叶林为-8.309,针阔混交林为6.876,阔叶林为1.433。各类型林分土壤健康状况排序为：针阔混交林〉阔叶林〉针叶林,表明针阔混交林能够改善土壤健康状况。建议在徐州石灰岩山地上应以针阔混交林为主要恢复模式,从而提高该地区土壤的健康水平。     

采伐干扰和火烧对大兴安岭森林土壤化学性质的影响

以大兴安岭新林林业局宏图林场内的试验地为研究对象,对林地土壤的化学性质进行测定和分析。结果表明：采伐干扰试验迹地土壤pH值较未受干扰的迹地有所增加,而有机质含量和各种营养元素的含量均降低。火烧使大兴安岭林区实验迹地的土壤的酸性增强,经过火烧的样地要比未受干扰样地有机质含量高。土壤全N、有效N的含量在火烧后初期增加,随着时间的推移有所降低,后期又再次上升,并且含量超过火烧前的水平,火烧对土壤全P、全K、有效K含量没有明显的影响,基本保持未受干扰的水平,不同火烧年限迹地之间并无显著的差异,土壤有效P的含量在火烧初期下降,之后呈现上升趋势。     

Microbial biomass and activity along a natural pH gradient in forest soils in a karst region of the upper Yangtze River,China

Mountain closure, considered an effective and economic measure for natural restoration of degraded forest ecosystems, has been widely carried out in the karst region of southwest China. The aim of this study was to evaluate microbial aspects of soil quality after mountain closure by analyzing soil microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, and relationships with basic chemical properties in Guizhou Province, a karst region of the upper Yangtze River. Soil quality was considered poor from the low levels of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and microbial quotient (MBC/total C and MBN/total N), but high metabolic quotient (qCO₂). Soil pH, showing marked variation from 4.1 to 7.9 in this karst region, was proved to significantly affect soil microbial biomass and activity. Soil microbial biomass, microbial quotient, and soil basal respiration declined significantly with decreasing soil pH, while qCO₂ showed an apparently increasing, but not statistically significant, trend. The changes in microbial biomass and activity following the change in soil pH could possibly be because of a change in soil microbial composition, and more detailed research is necessary. Compared with soil pH, soil organic matter content was another, more important, factor that directly restricted microbial growth because of the serious loss as a result of disturbance. As a practical application based on microbial aspects, introduction of some N-fixing tree species may be an active and effective measure to improve soil fertility and thus to accelerate restoration of the forest ecosystem in the karst region.     

华北刺槐林与自然恢复植被土壤微生物量碳、氮含量四季动态

【目的】土壤微生物量碳、氮是植被所需碳、氮的重要“源”或“库”,是公认的综合评价土壤质量或肥力的重要指标,也是土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标,研究其动态变化,可为退耕还林及后期管理决策提供科学依据,并为深入研究林地碳氮循环及温室气体排放提供参考。【方法】以农田( FL)为对照,研究华北土石山区10年生刺槐林、43年生刺槐林、自然恢复植被( NRV)土壤微生物量碳、氮的四季动态变化,并对各样地微生物量碳、氮对土壤营养库的贡献率进行对比研究。【结果】各样地微生物量碳、氮随土层加深而逐渐下降,其季节动态变化差异显著;农田、自然恢复植被、10和43年生刺槐林地0～20 cm 土层微生物量碳、氮含量四季均值分别为251.94,290.68,150.66,197.34 mg·kg －1和30.95,46.46,36.55,45.27 mg·kg －1。其中：自然恢复植被的微生物量碳、氮含量四季均值最高,其微生物量碳含量分别是农田、10和43年生刺槐林的1.15,1.93和1.47倍,微生物量氮含量分别是它们的1.50,1.27和1.03倍;土壤微生物量碳、氮含量随刺槐树龄增大而升高,43年生刺槐林0～20 cm 土层的微生物量碳、氮含量是10年生刺槐林的1.31和1.24倍。各植被样地不同层次土壤微生物量碳氮比季节差异明显,农田、自然恢复植被、10年和43年生刺槐林 0～20 cm 土层碳氮比四季均值分别为8.64,6.26,4.12 和4.36;10,43年生刺槐林碳氮比分别是农田的0.48和0.50倍,是自然恢复植被的0.66和0.70倍。在 0～20 cm 土层中,农田、自然恢复植被、10和43年生刺槐林地微生物量碳对土壤有机碳平均贡献率分别为1.88%,2.00%,1.54%和1.24%,土壤微生物量氮对土壤全氮的平均贡献率分别为1.21%,5.44%,3.55%和2.26%。【结论】各样地土壤微生物量碳、氮之间显著相关,它们与土壤全氮、有机质和速效钾含量均显著相关;除此之外,土壤微生物量碳还与土壤硝态氮含量显著相关。随着树龄的增加刺槐林土壤微生物量尤其是微生物量氮含量显著提高,因而土壤的生物肥力也显著提高;由土壤微生物量碳、氮含量及其对土壤营养库的贡献率可知,自然恢复植被更利于土壤微生物结构、功能的恢复和生物活性的改善。     

Effectiveness of sloping agricultural land technology on soil fertility status of mid-hills in Nepal

Hedgerows with intercropping systems were established at the ICIMOD test and demonstration site at Godawari to assess the effective-ness of Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) in reducing run-o...     

Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce

Abstract

The development of cracks and changes in appearance have been investigated on radial and tangential sections of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) after exposure outdoors for 61 months. The degradation of the sections has also been studied at the micro-level. The annual ring orientation was the most important factor affecting crack development on weathering. After 61 months of outdoor exposure, the tangential sections of spruce had 1.7–2.2 times greater mean total crack length per area unit than the corresponding radial sections. In pine, the total crack length per area unit on the tangential sections was 2.2–2.6 times greater than that on the radial sections. Tangential and radial sections show the same colour change as a result of weathering. Tangential sections have more and deeper cracks than radial surfaces. The cracks on the tangential sections occur frequently in both earlywood and latewood. On radial sections, cracks occur primarily at the annual ring borders, but to a certain extent also in the earlywood. Decomposition of the cell wall takes place in both radial and tangential cell walls, and cracks tend to follow the fibril orientation in the S2-layer of the cell wall. The radial cell wall of the earlywood has a large number of pits which are degraded at an early stage.     

放牧制度对伊犁山地草甸植被特征及新疆细毛羊体重的影响

采用小区控制放牧试验,研究了划区轮牧、自由放牧对伊犁禾草+杂类草山地草甸植被特征及其细毛羊体重的影响.结果表明,与不放牧对照相比,两种放牧方式均显著降低了山地草甸群落盖度、可食牧草和毒害草产量、群落功能群多样性及各植物功能群的高度、盖度、产量(P＜0.05),增加了可食牧草的密度.划区轮牧条件下山地草甸群落盖度显著高于自由放牧区(P＜0.05),可食牧草产量、毒害草产量、密度及各植物功能群的高度、盖度、密度和产量在两种放牧制度间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但划区轮牧有利于多年生禾草类、多年生莎草类及有害植物类的生长发育,不利于有毒植物的生长发育.与自由放牧比,划区轮牧下每只新疆细毛羊体重增加1.3～2.1 kg,但两种放牧制度间差异不显著(P＞0.05).