磷在不同类型湖泊沉积物上的吸附特征及形态再分布研究

以乌梁素海和岱海表层沉积物为吸附剂,开展了磷在沉积物上的吸附动力学和等温吸附实验研究,采用交叉型Langmuir模型描述了磷在2个湖泊沉积物上的吸附行为,并分析测定了等温吸附后沉积物中磷的形态分布。结果表明,不同浓度条件下沉积物对磷的吸附动力学过程基本相似,Elovich方程能较好地描述2个湖泊沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程;Langmuir交叉型吸附等温式能较好地描述磷在岱海和乌梁素海沉积物上的等温吸附行为(R2=0.990),模型中的k、Qm、EPC0、NAP等参数较好地反映了2个湖泊沉积物在成因、粒度及矿物组成等方面的差异;吸附磷的形态再分布揭示颗粒物所吸附的水相磷主要分布于Ex-P,且Or-P是沉积物中重要的潜在生物有效性磷源,对湖泊富营养化的作用不容忽视。     

栽培模式对茶树叶片光合生理及茶叶品质的影响

研究了栽培模式对茶树叶片光合特性、光响应曲线及茶叶品质的影响.结果表明,模式Ⅰ(茶园内板栗株行距4 m×4 m的栽培模式,遮光度为50％～60％)的茶树叶片净光合速率变化呈现单峰型曲线,而模式Ⅲ(纯茶园,遮光度为0)和模式Ⅱ(茶园内板栗株行距4m×8m的栽培模式,遮光度为30 ～ 40％)茶树叶片净光合速率变化呈双峰曲线,有明显的“午休”现象.不同模式内茶树叶片净光合速率的峰值和日均值随着遮光度的增大而降低.模式Ⅱ和模式Ⅰ内茶树叶片光补偿点比模式Ⅲ全光照条件下分别降低了11.95％和27.41％,表明茶树叶片在弱光下可以降低其光补偿点来提高对弱光的利用,用于其自身的正常生长.不同模式内茶芽长、百芽质量均表现为模式Ⅰ＞模式Ⅱ＞模式Ⅲ;模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅱ内茶树叶片氨基酸含量显著高于模式Ⅲ,分别提高了58.14％和36.04％,模式Ⅰ与模式Ⅱ咖啡碱含量分别比模式Ⅲ高31.18％和29.83％;氨基酸、儿茶素及咖啡碱含量均为春季高于夏季.     

区域经济增长与环境污染关系的实证分析——以安徽省为例

通过对安徽省1995—2009年期间经济增长指标和三类环境污染指标的选取,以计量分析方法考察安徽省经济增长和各类环境污染指标之间的作用机制,结果显示安徽省三类环境污染指标的环境库兹涅茨曲线没有呈现倒U型,而是随着经济增长波动较大,呈现N型等关系曲线。针对分析结果,从优化地区产业结构、增大地方财政支持力度、加强区域环境污染监控与治理三个方面提出对安徽省经济可持续发展的对策建议。     

砂质黏性紫色土粒组缺失对降低持水特性的影响

紫色土结构松散、具高生产性，但具有较弱的抗侵蚀能力，侵蚀后表现出土壤干密度减小、细颗粒流失严重等现象，影响其持水特性。为探讨紫色土降雨侵蚀后土壤持水特性的变化，该研究选取砂质黏性紫色土在降雨条件下最易变化的3组粒组（>0.250～0.500、>0.075～0.250、0～0.075 mm），开展广义吸力范围内粒组缺失的土-水特征曲线（soil-water characteristic curve，SWCC）试验，分析粒组缺失对砂质黏性紫色土持水特性的影响。结果表明： 1）粒组缺失会降低土体持水特性，在边界效应区和过渡区最为明显，残余区影响较小。缺失粒组质量分数与进气值和残余含水率呈反比；2）使用粒径参数（限制粒径、平均粒径、中值粒径、有效粒径）表征土体级配状况，建立土体级配曲线与SWCC特征值的关系，发现除有效粒径，其余参数均与进气值和残余值呈线性反比关系；3）使用Fredlund-Xing模型对不同方法所得数据进行拟合，发现使用单一试验方法所得数据结果拟合优度较高，但SWCC明显偏离其余试验数据点。提出获得准确的紫色土全吸力SWCC仅需确定吸力最大值，并引入3种评价指标进行验证，拟合结果表明，此方法可有效缩短SWCC试验周期，为SWCC在三峡库区紫色土地区的工程运用提供了可靠的思路。     

杉松人工林伐区调查设计中树高曲线图的绘制与应用

为提高罗源县杉、松人工林树高曲线图绘制的准确性,利用广泛拟合择优选取的方法确定了能很好描述罗源县杉、松人工林胸径(D)树高(H)的一元二次函数模型,同时利用Excel电子表格设计绘制树高曲线图的程序。研究结果具有较大的应用价值。     

实木复合地板导热性能的检测及建模方法

根据实木复合地板的特点,提出一种导热性能检测装置.根据此检测装置测出的数据,利用曲线拟合和广义神经网络(GRNN)2种方法建立起实木复合地板导热性能的数学模型,并且达到理想的逼近精度.     

不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种生物量特性的研究

对不同苜蓿品种的茎、叶及总生物量生长动态的研究表明,在一个生育期内,苜蓿的茎、叶及总生物量的动态变化符合逻辑斯蒂曲线。在该试验条件下,不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种的生物量积累潜力不同,中秋眠级数的苜蓿品种生物量积累的潜力最大,其次为低秋眠级数的苜蓿品种,高秋眠级数的苜蓿品种生物量积累的潜力最小;不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种对环境的敏感程度不同,高秋眠级数的苜蓿品种对环境的敏感程度大于低秋眠级数的苜蓿品种。     

Addition of a monovalent cationic pesticide to improve efficacy of bipyridyl herbicides in Hulah Valley soils

Bipyridyl herbicides are widely used in agriculture and gardening for non-selective weed control. Since they are toxic and relatively expensive, it is ecologically and economically desirable to reduce the amounts applied. A decrease in efficacy of these herbicides is caused by dust accumulated on leaves of weeds. This inactivation arises from the adsorption of the herbicides on dust particles, mainly made of clay minerals, lime and soil organic matter. In order to improve the efficacy and so lower the amounts applied, formulations were developed which include cationic pesticides approved for agricultural use, such as mepiquat or difenzoquat. Such addition restored the efficacy of the bipyridyl herbicides by reducing their binding to dust particles. The proposed formulations, which were tested on a number of different dust-covered plants, allowed the amounts of herbicide applied to be reduced to 50% of the minimum recommended rate. Neither mepiquat or difenzoquat had any herbicidal activity when sprayed alone at the added rates. The results suggest a procedure that may lower the required rates of contact herbicides, reducing costs and toxicity. This procedure, which can be applied immediately, may have broad implications in farming and gardening.     

Linking fluorescence induction curve and biomass in herbicide screening

A suite of dose-response bioassays with white mustard (Sinapis alba L) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) in the greenhouse and with three herbicides was used to analyse how the fluorescence induction curves (Kautsky curves) were affected by the herbicides. Bentazone, a photosystem II (PSII) inhibitor, completely blocked the normal fluorescence decay after the P-step. In contrast, fluorescence decay was still obvious for flurochloridone, a PDS inhibitor, and glyphosate, an EPSP inhibitor, which indicated that PSII inhibition was incomplete. From the numerous parameters that can be derived from OJIP-steps of the Kautsky curve the relative changes at the J-step [Fvj = (Fm - Fj)/Fm] was selected to be a common response parameter for the herbicides and yielded consistent dose-response relationships. Four hours after treatment, the response Fvj on the doses of bentazone and flurochloridone could be measured. For glyphosate, the changes of the Kautsky curve could similarly be detected 4 h after treatment in sugar beet, but only after 24 hs in S alba. The best prediction of biomass in relation to Fvj was found for bentazone. The experiments were conducted between May and August 2002 and showed that the ambient temperature and solar radiation in the greenhouse could affect dose-response relationships. If the Kautsky curve parameters should be used to predict the outcome of herbicide screening experiments in the greenhouse, where ambient radiation and temperature can only partly be controlled, it is imperative that the chosen fluorescence parameters can be used to predict accurately the resulting biomass used in classical bioassays.     

Factors affecting phytotoxic activity of allelochemicals in soil

Allelopathy is the inhibitory or stimulatory effect of a plant (donor) on other plants (receivers) through the chemicals released from the donor plant to the environment, mostly into the soil. These chemicals may reach the receiver plants in various ways, including leaching from plant foliage, exudation from the roots, and decomposition of dead residue of the donor plants. However, allelopathy in soil is a complicated phenomenon that is affected by soil condition, growth condition of the donor and receiver plants and climatic condition. Allelochemicals in soil are adsorbed on soil solids, and metabolized by chemical and biological reactions during the movement in soil. This behavior is affected by various soil factors, such as soil texture, organic and inorganic matter, moisture and organisms, which affect the phytotoxic activity in soil. If an allelochemical can directly affect the growth of receiver plants in soil, then the allelochemical might be present in the soil water so that it is directly available for absorption by the plant. Thus, it is suggested the concentration of an allelochemical in soil water is a dominant factor directly determining the phytotoxic activity in soil, and the concentration is controlled by soil factors that affect the behavior of adsorption, desorption and degradation in soil.