Laboratory assay of the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) Fries (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) against the vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), even under the use of fungicides

The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is one of the main pests in vineyards. At present biological control of the pest is based on the release of hymenopterous parasitoids and coccinellid predators. The effectiveness of an entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria farinosa, as an alternative biological control agent on vine mealybug P. ficus was investigated by using different inoculum densities and different relative humidity levels. The fungus caused more than 80% mortality at 95% relative humidity and at 1 × 10⁸ conidia ml^?1 inoculum density. The mortality effects of the fungus decreased in lower humidity levels and lower spore densities. The inhibitory effects of common fungicides, used in vineyards, on I. farinosa were also investigated. Sulphur, copper oxychloride, fosetyl-Al and chlorothalonil did not decrease the effectiveness of I. farinosa as a pathogen of vine mealybug. With the application of tebuconazole, penconazole and mancozeb, the most inhibitory fungicides on the entomopathogen, the mortality rates of mealybugs, inoculated with I. farinosa, decreased from 86% to 42%, 34% and 45%, respectively, in the adult females; from 94% to 51%, 45% and 45%, respectively, in the first nymphal stages; and from 86% to 56%, 49% and 63%, respectively, in ovisacs.     

Complementary effect of Phloxine B on the insecticidal efficacy of Isaria fumosorosea SFP‐198 wettable powder against greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum West.

BACKGROUND: Insecticidal activities of five photoactive dyes against greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum West., in tomatoes were investigated to improve the control efficacy of an entomopathogenic fungal product, Isaria fumosorosea SFP‐198 wettable powder (WP). Azorubine, Eosin B, Erythrosine, Brilliant Green and Phloxine B were used in this work, accompanying pyriproxyfen emulsifiable concentrate (EC) as a commercial standard for comparison. RESULTS: Phloxine B had the highest control efficacy in glasshouse conditions. The most suitable dose of Phloxine B was determined as 0.005 g L^?1, given the dosage‐dependent control efficacy and phytotoxicity of the dye, and its influence on the germination of SFP‐198 conidia. In field conditions, SFP‐198 WP + Phloxine B (2 + 0.005 g L^?1; tank mix) showed 89.1 and 95.3% control efficacy 7 and 14 days post‐application, which was significantly higher than the efficacy of SFP‐198 WP alone (43.5 and 64.0%), Phloxine B (47.5 and 30.7%) or pyriproxyfen EC (67.7 and 80.2%). CONCLUSION: Phloxine B cooperates with SFP‐198 WP complementarily, possibly in the order of killing action (early: Phloxine B; late: SFP‐198 WP). The dye can be incorporated into SFP‐198 WP to improve its efficacy and applied to other Hypocrelean entomopathogenic fungal products. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

玫烟色棒束孢的生物学特性与其对小菜蛾致病力的相关性

测定了玫烟色棒束孢原始亲本菌株PFCF-O、退化亲本菌株PFCF-D和单孢分离子菌株PF-CF-D58、PFCF-D20、PFCF-D50的菌落生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和胞外蛋白酶水平等生物学指标以及各菌株对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率。结果表明,菌株PFCF-O的生长速率呈先快后慢的趋势,产孢量为2.7×107个/mL,孢子萌发率为62.59%,胞外蛋白酶水平为1.16,对小菜蛾2龄幼虫校正死亡率达97.74%。而菌株PFCF-D、PFCF-D20、PFCF-D50和PFCF-D58间平均生长速率和孢子萌发率无显著差异,产孢量变化范围为1.05×107~2.34×107个/mL,胞外蛋白酶水平变化范围为1.02~1.07,各生物学指标及其对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的校正死亡率(19.86%~51.44%)都显著低于菌株PFCF-O。相关性分析结果显示,玫烟色棒束孢对小菜蛾的致病力与菌株生长初期的生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和胞外蛋白酶水平呈极显著的正相关关系,与菌株生长后期的生长速率呈极显著负相关关系。     

高雄山虫草无性型研究进展

高雄山虫草(Cordyceps takaomontana)无性型的名称历经多次变迁,现认为细脚棒束孢(Isaria tenuipes)是其真正的无性型.细脚棒束孢具有重要的药理、药化作用,子实体和发酵液中可分离出具有抗肿瘤、抗菌和镇静等作用的有效活性组分,基于此也产生了各种各样细脚棒束孢的培养方法和产品,笔者通过对近几年该方面的研究进行综述,以期对细脚棒束孢的研究开发工作提供参考和借鉴.     

虫生真菌玫烟色棒束孢PF904表面活性剂的筛选

为筛选适用于玫烟色棒束孢Isaria fumosorosea PF904菌株的表面活性剂,采用OWRK法和表面张力法测定了甘蓝、苹果、茄子和黄瓜叶片的表面自由能以及添加4种表面活性剂后玫烟色棒束孢孢子悬浮液的表面张力和临界胶束浓度(CMC),并采用量角法和重量差值法测定了4种不同植物叶片上的接触角和最大稳定持留量,同时对筛选获得的表面活性剂进行了安全性评价。结果表明:PEG-12聚二甲基硅氧烷(OFX-0193)、ɑ-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)和二异丁基萘磺酸钠(Nekal)3种表面活性剂在125~500 mg/L下均可提高玫烟色棒束孢孢子悬浮液在4种供试植物叶片上的润湿性能;其中250 mg/L的Nekal在甘蓝和苹果叶片上的最大持留量(11.90和13.28 mg/cm^2)和接触角(29.5°和27.5°)均显著优于OFX-0193和AOS,润湿效果最好;在茄子叶片上,添加125 mg/L的OFX-0193时持留量最大(9.45 mg/cm^2);而添加普鲁兰多糖(Pullulan)达到临界胶束浓度时的溶液表面张力大于甘蓝、苹果和茄子叶片的表面自由能,润湿性能最差。孢子萌发抑制率的测定结果表明:添加Nekal和OFX-0193对玫烟色棒束孢PF904的孢子萌发无抑制作用,而AOS则对其表现为抑制作用。因此,在玫烟色棒束孢PF904中添加OFX-0193和Nekal 2种表面活性剂可用于防治苹果、甘蓝类害虫,添加OFX-0193还可用于防治茄类害虫。     

玫烟色棒束孢的遗传地理差异及对B型烟粉虱的致病性

【目的】研究不同地区玫烟色棒束孢Isaria fumosorosea的遗传地理差异,探讨其对B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的致病性。【方法】从广东、福建和青海地区土壤分离得到16株玫烟色棒束孢菌株用生物信息学的方法分析供试菌株ITS序列的相似性,并构建系统发育树;采用浸渍法测定供试菌株分生孢子对B型烟粉虱2龄若虫的生物活性。【结果】供试菌株与参考菌株(KX057373.1、KX057375.1)ITS序列的相似性高于97.7%;9株广东菌株与6株福建菌株的ITS序列没有地理差异;青海菌株If TS01与参考菌株KX057375.1的ITS序列几乎相同,且与福建菌株If FJ02、If FJ06及广东菌株If GD17的ITS序列高度相似。16株菌株均以孢子剂量10~7 mL~(-1)处理B型烟粉虱2龄若虫,处理后第10天若虫的病死率为47%~86%;其中,菌株If FJ06、If GD02和If TS01处理后的B型烟粉虱2龄若虫病死率达80%以上。【结论】不同地区的玫烟色棒束孢菌株ITS序列没有明显的地理差异,其对烟粉虱的致病力与ITS序列及地理分布没有关系。研究发现3株对烟粉虱致病力较高的菌株,具有进一步研究价值。     

比色法测定细脚拟青霉胞内甘露醇及羟自由基清除率

[目的]采用比色法测定细脚拟青霉菌丝体中的甘露醇含量及羟自由基清除率。[方法]以细脚拟青霉为供试菌株,用超声提取法提取细脚拟青霉菌丝体中的甘露醇,以D-甘露醇为标准品,绘制其标准曲线并计算其回归方程,通过测定甘露醇的吸光度计算细脚拟青霉菌丝体中的甘露醇含量及羟自由基清除率。同时,测定培养时间和提取时间对菌丝体中甘露醇含量和抗氧化活性的影响。[结果]甘露醇在412 nm处有最大吸收峰,质量浓度在10~80μg/m l范围内其具有良好的线性关系,其回归方程为:C=103.09A-1.381 4,r=0.998 8;平均回收率为101.47%,RSD为2.6%(n=5)。菌丝体中的甘露醇含量及羟自由基清除率的变化趋势基本不随培养时间改变,培养第6天时均达到最高值,分别为73.56μg/m l和47.95%。[结论]为进一步研究细脚拟青霉的抗氧化功能提供理论依据。     

玫烟色棒束孢对小菜蛾的致病力

在室内条件下,测定了玫烟色棒束孢对小菜蛾的生物活性,结果表明:玫烟色棒束孢对小菜蛾具有较强的致病力,当孢子浓度较高时(>1×107个孢子/mL),小菜蛾第2天便出现死亡高峰,第3天左右试虫基本全部死亡。此外,孢子浓度和温度越高,玫烟色棒束孢的毒力越强,对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的毒力大于3龄幼虫,这说明玫烟色棒束孢具有防治小菜蛾的潜力。