基于农民用水户协会的用水总量控制模式研究

以湖南省岳阳市铁山灌区为背景,在对农民用水户协会(WUA)进行评价的基础上,提出基于WUA的用水总量控制新型管理模式。新模式的组织机构主要依托原有WUA,同时根据总量控制的内在要求进行部分完善,如增加水资源管理站、将WUA的用水组改为水费组、计量组和工程组并相应完善其用水和水费收缴程序;制度方面建议新搭建一系列的保障制度如水权分配、水价体系、农业水权转让补偿和水量计量管理等。编制了铁山水库不同水文年向城市和灌溉的供水总量控制方案,最后初步提出了新模式的实施计划。     

新疆内陆干旱区不同灌水量对长绒棉光合特性的影响

为探索新疆内陆干旱区不同灌水量对长绒棉新海14号光合特性的影响,利用小区试验,在5种灌水量（W）条件下,对其光合特性进行研究。结果表明：灌水量为7650m3/hm2时,叶片净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线;随着灌水量的降低,其净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线。新海14号的光补偿点为50μmol/m2·s;灌水量为2850m3/hm2时,其光饱和点为310μmol/m2·s,灌水量为5475m3/hm2以上时,其光饱和点为1280μmol/m2·s。叶片的净光合速率及蒸腾速率随灌水量的升高而增加,气孔阻力随灌水量的升高而降低。水分利用效率随着灌水量的降低而提高,呈极显著负相关;棉花产量对灌水量极为敏感。净光合速率与蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,与气孔阻力呈极显著负相关;蒸腾速率与气孔阻力呈显著负相关。新海14号的光合作用最适宜灌水量为6945m3/hm2;灌溉的临界值为5250m3/hm2     

两种供水条件下两穗型小麦品种籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化特征

在灌溉和旱作2种栽培条件下,研究了大穗型（山农710331和潍麦8号）和多穗型（济南17和鲁麦21）小麦籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化特征。结果表明,淀粉积累速率（SAR）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）、ADPG焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）、淀粉合成酶（SSS和GBSS）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）等活性均存在明显的基因型差异。灌溉条件下大穗型品种籽粒淀粉合成相关酶的活性显著高于多穗型品种,旱作栽培条件下两穗型品种间差异变小。旱作栽培宜于增加灌浆前、中期AGPase、SS和SBE的活性,尤其对多穗型品种。大穗型品种在灌浆中后期比多穗型品种具有更强的淀粉合成能力,但对水分较为敏感。用 Richards方程模拟籽粒淀粉积累过程表明,大穗型品种籽粒淀粉积累时间长、速率高,是其淀粉积累量高的原因。     

河套灌区畦田内不同位置土壤入渗特性及影响因素分析

为明确河套灌区畦田田块不同位置土壤的入渗特性,通过野外试验和室内检测对试验区田块不同位置土壤理化性质和入渗过程进行分析,并基于土壤入渗模型对试验区田块不同位置的土壤入渗过程进行拟合,同时探讨影响土壤入渗过程的影响因素.研究结果表明:试验区田块内不同位置土壤理化性质及入渗特性具有一定差异性且不同位置土壤入渗特性与土壤理化...     

基于指示Kriging的土壤盐渍化风险与地下水环境分析

土壤盐渍化是制约干旱区农业发展的主要障碍,而浅埋地下水区域的地下水环境是影响土壤盐渍化的直接因素。为调控合理的地下水埋深和矿化度,以防控区域盐渍化,以河套灌区永济灌域为研究区,运用指示Kriging法比较了春灌前和生育期不同阈值条件下土壤表层含盐量、地下水埋深和矿化度的概率分布,从概率空间分布的角度研究了不同时期防治土壤盐渍化的地下水临界埋深和矿化度。结果表明：地下水埋深属于中等变异性,土壤表层含盐量和地下水矿化度属于强变异性。春灌前较生育期土壤表层盐渍化高风险区扩大、浅埋地下水高概率区缩小、地下水矿化高风险区缩小。春灌前永济灌域土壤表层发生轻度、中度盐渍化时的地下水埋深临界值分别为2.6、2.2 m,地下水矿化度临界值分别为2.0、2.5 g/L;生育期土壤表层发生轻度、中度盐渍化时的地下水埋深临界值分别为2.2、1.8 m,地下水矿化度临界值分别为2.5、3.0 g/L,春灌前更易发生土壤盐渍化。春灌前较生育期土壤盐分受外界因素（气象因素和人为因素）影响小,且土壤表层含盐量、地下水埋深和矿化度变异性也相对较小,地下水环境对土壤盐渍化的影响更强烈。研究区北部、东南部和中部小部分区域为地下水埋深小于临界值且大于矿化度临界值的高概率区,是土壤返盐的高风险区,建议进一步完善该地区的排水系统。     

Drying half of the root-zone from mid fruit growth to maturity in ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees for one season reduced fruit production in two years

We tested the effect of extended drying of half the root system on fruit yield and fruit Ca concentration, an indirect measure of fruit quality, in avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Hass). In a field experiment on a sandy soil, withholding irrigation and plastic sheeting was used to dry the root-zone beneath the whole canopy (DD) or half the canopy (WD), compared with well-watered trees (WW). The irrigation water contained added nutrients and was slightly saline. Yield, shoot growth, leaf conductance, leaf and fruit water status and mineral concentrations of leaves and fruit were studied. The responses of treated trees were assessed in the following season during which normal irrigation practices were restored. With respect to yield, the WD treatment behaved the same as the DD treatment. It reduced yield by more than half and proportionately more than the reduction in water supply thus reducing irrigation efficiency. Re-watering did not restore yield of WD or DD-trees in the next season. The WD and DD treatments had no effect on the concentration of Ca in the fruit mesocarp and so are unlikely to affect fruit quality. The main impact of reduced water supply on the trees was fruit abscission and this was linked to dry soil around the roots rather than the water status of the leaves or fruits. We conclude that extended drying of half of the root-zone in one season reduced irrigation efficiency for two seasons by promoting the abscission of developing fruit to the same extent as occurred when the whole root system was exposed to extended drying.     

物理降温对草地早熟禾耐热性影响的研究

利用温室模拟北京夏季的高温高湿环境,对草地早熟禾(Poa Pratense)在热胁迫过程中的外观质量指标(绿叶数/株,生长高度)和生理生化指标(叶片含水量、叶片相对电导率、叶绿素含量)进行研究分析,比较6种处理之间耐热性能的差异,从而选出最好的降温处理方法,为北京地区建植耐高温冷季型草坪的高效低成本养护管理提供一定的理论基础和指导意义.结果表明:在高温胁迫下,采用一定的遮荫处理可以降低温度,提高草地早熟禾耐热能力.     

An integrated water trading-allocation model, applied to a water market in Australia

Temporary water trading is an established and growing phenomenon in the Australian irrigation sector. However, decision support and planning tools that incorporate economic and biophysical factors associated with temporary water trading are lacking. In this paper the integration of an economic trading model with a hydrologic water allocation model is discussed. The integrated model is used to estimate the impacts of temporary water trading and physical water transfers. The model can incorporate economic and biophysical drivers of water trading. The economic model incorporates the key trade drivers of commodity prices, seasonal water allocations and irrigation deliveries. The hydrologic model is based on the Resource Allocation Model (REALM) framework, which facilitates hydrologic network simulation modelling. It incorporates water delivery system properties and operating rules for the main irrigation and urban centres in a study area.The proposed integration method has been applied to a case study area in northern Victoria, Australia. Simulations were conducted for wet and dry spells, a range of commodity prices and different irrigation distribution system configurations. Some example analyses of scenarios incorporating water trading were undertaken. From these analyses potential bottlenecks to trade that constrain the economic benefits from temporary water trading were identified. Furthermore, it was found that in certain areas of the system, trading can make impacts of long drought spells worse for water users, e.g. irrigators. Thus, the integrated model can be used to quantify short-term and long-term third party impacts arising from temporary water trading. These findings also highlight the need to link “paper trades” (estimated by economic models) to physical water transfers (estimated by biophysical models).     

Irrigation management practices of cabbage farmers in Botswana using saline groundwater

All horticultural production in Botswana is irrigated, as average rainfall is less than average reference evapotranspiration in all parts of the country for all of the year, and most of the irrigation in the country is used for horticultural crops. In the main, the water used for irrigation comes from groundwater, and much of this can be classified as moderately saline. A survey was carried out of 60 cabbage farmers in five regions of the country to identify the level of salinity of irrigation water and the irrigation practices used. It was concluded that there was no relationship between the irrigation rate (average irrigation depth divided by average irrigation interval) and the salinity of the water used or the salinity of the soil, such that some farmers were over-irrigating and others under-irrigating. This means that water is being wasted and yields are likely to be reduced. In addition, there is a risk of long-term build-up of salinity and soil degradation.     

Agro-environmental evaluation of irrigation land: I. Water use in Bardenas irrigation district (Spain)

Non-point agrarian contamination makes its allocation to a specific territory difficult. This first part of the study seeks to analyze contamination resulting from water use in 54,438 ha of Bardenas irrigation district included in the Arba basin (BID-Arba). To this end, water balances were carried out in BID-Arba by means of measuring or estimating the main inputs, outputs and water storage between 1 April 2004 and 30 September 2006. Also, the spatial-temporal variability in water use was analyzed.The semester error balances were acceptable (between 11% and −6%), which permits the attribution of the mass of pollutants exported in drainage to the irrigation area evaluated, the objective of the second part of the study. Irrigation efficiency (IE) in BID-Arba was high (90%) despite the fact that Irrigation Sub-District VII (ISD-VII), with considerable flood irrigation drainage (27%), and ISD-XI with considerable losses due to evaporation and wind drift in sprinkler irrigation systems (15%), brought down the average (IE_VII = 73%; IE_XI = 83%). Irrigation management was inadequate as there was a water deficit (WD) of 9%, partly affected by the 2005 drought (WD_{Apr-05/Sep-05} = 21%) and the low irrigation doses applied in ISD-XI (WD_XI = 12%).To sum up, intense re-use of water caused a water use index (percentage of water used by the crops) of 85% which surpassed 90% in periods of drought. Nevertheless, irrigation management should be improved in order to annul the water deficit and to maximize the productivity of the agrarian system.