Effects of planting density on the productivity and water use of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) clones: I. Measurement of water use in young tea using sap flow meters with a stem heat balance method

Sap flow meters based on the stem heat balance method were used to measure the mass flow rates or water use in young potted tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants of clones AHP S15/10 and BBK35. The meters were constructed on site and installed onto the stem or branch sections of field growing plants in an experiment originally designed to study the effects of plant population density and drought on the productivity and water use of young tea clones. The objective of the study was to use the SHB method as a first attempt to use sap flow meters for determining the water use of young tea growing in the field under well watered conditions in Tanzania. The results are reported and recommendation made for further work on using the technique.     

Determining crop-water production functions using yield–irrigation gradient algorithms

Crop-water production functions (CWPFs) are a useful tool for irrigation planning, but derivation of CWPFs by field experimentation is expensive, and traditional analytical techniques are not well suited to derivation of CWPFs. Physiologically based crop models provide a useful tool for simulation of agricultural experiments, but they have not been extensively applied to the task of CWPF determination. A new algorithm type based upon differential crop yield response to irrigation (“yield–irrigation gradients” [YIG]) is presented that uses these crop models to determine planning-level irrigation schedules and CWPFs. Three specific algorithms are developed within this type, varying in complexity, performance, and computational costs. Performance of the YIG methods is compared against a standard reference evapotranspiration method. In particular, the randomized iterative YIG (RIYIG) algorithm provides near-optimal results but at the highest computational costs of all the methods specified. All of the techniques presented have general applicability and are not limited to any one crop or location.     

浅谈排灌标准在市场与生产中的作用

为促进企业发展使之取得良好的经济效益，讨论了排灌机械行业贯彻与应用标准的情况，分析了标准的作用。自从我国加入世贸组织，国际贸易量日益增大，熟悉和掌握与之相关的标准，参与市场竞争更显得非常重要。指出了标准在市场与营销及生产中的制约作用和利害关系。     

Irrigation and food security in the 21st century

Global food projections indicate that food prices in the next threedecades will likely be stable or decline, but progress inreducing malnutrition in developing countries will be slow. Smallshortfalls in crop productivity growth would lead to rising foodprices and worsening malnutrition. Increased food production fromirrigation is essential, and will require expansion of irrigatedarea and water supplies, and improved efficiency of use of existingwater supplies. Neither of these growth factors will prove easy, andboth will require complex institutional and policy reforms. Failureto meet food production needs through efficient expansion andintensification of irrigated agriculture would increase pressure onland resources and hasten the process of environmental degradation.Irrigation and water development strategies have been hampered bya lack of understanding of the links between water scarcity, foodproduction, food security, and environmental sustainability.Research to improve this understanding would have high payoffs.     

灌溉渠系水利用系数的分析与计算

灌溉渠系的布置形式一般可分为串联渠系、等效并联渠系和非等效并联渠系 ,对这 3种灌溉渠系水利用系数进行了理论研究。用实例验证了上述的理论分析。研究成果可应用于实际灌溉工程     

疏勒河灌区新垦盐碱地洗盐定额试

根据疏勒河灌区新垦盐碱地土壤含盐量高，需采用水平明沟排水冲洗改良的实际，开展了不同冲洗定额的洗盐效果试验研究，提出了排盐地区系数经验公式与冲洗定额对数函数计算公式。根据表层土壤含盐量高的特点，提出了以0~30cm土层作为冲洗改良盐碱地脱盐控制层的准则，并制定了相应的洗盐定额。     

灌溉水利用系数测定方法研究

通过开展对灌溉水利用系数资料的搜集、整理并对灌区进行实地调研,在了解目前灌区灌溉水利用系数测量中存在问题及原因的基础上,对灌区灌溉水利用系数测量计算方法进行了分析研究,提出了测定灌溉水利用系数的综合测定计算方法。该方法既克服了传统测量方法中工作量大,需要大量人力、物力才能完成的缺点,又弥补了只测量典型渠段而引起较大误差的不足,而且能反映出灌区渠系用水情况、灌溉工程质量及灌溉用水管理水平等。为灌区今后经常性地测量符合实际的灌溉水利用系数及指导灌区节水工程改造等提供了一种切实可行的计算方法。并结合实例进行了应用分析。     

渠道密度与渠系水利用系数关系研

为了研究灌区渠道密度与渠系水利用系数之间的关系，首先从分析渠道水的渗漏情况入手,分析了渠系水利用系数与渗漏之间的关系,建立了在相同衬砌条件下渠道密度与渠系水利用系数之间的数学关系。然后提出有关渠道密度概念，这一概念的提出有利于灌区渠道分布合理性的进一步评价。渠道密度与渠系水利用系数两者之间关系式的确立，有助于从理论上评价渠道分布对渠系水利用系数的影响。     

中国灌溉草业可持续发展探讨

本文就我国牧区资源特点，分析了牧区灌溉草业发展的持续能力及障碍因素，提出了我国牧区灌溉草业可持续发展主要举措：建立水、草、畜平衡发展体系；合理利用水资源，发展节水型灌溉；建立永久性人工饲草料基地；强化灌溉草业科研与科技推广力度等基本构想     

Reuse of effluent water—benefits and risks

There is an increasing trend to require more efficient use of water resources, both in urban and rural environments. A major mechanism that can be used to achieve greater efficiencies is the reuse of water that once would have been discarded into the environment after use. The reuse of water for agricultural irrigation is often viewed as a positive means of recycling water due to the potential large volumes of water that can be used. Recycled water can have the advantage of being a constant, reliable water source and reduces the amount of water extracted from the environment. In addition, in some cases treatment requirements may be need to be less than for water used in an urban environment due to less potential human contact. There are concerns and unknowns, however, about the impact of the quality of the recycled water, both on the crop itself and on the end users of the crops. Water quality issues that can create real or perceived problems in agriculture include nutrient and sodium concentrations, heavy metals, and the presence of contaminants such as human and animal pathogens, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors. Social attitudes to the use of crops that have been irrigated with recycled waters and the resulting impact on market value of crops are also a major consideration. This paper will discuss the benefits from using different types of recycled water and outline the current knowledge and opinions relating to risks such as water quality issues.