Reactions of Cowpea to Meloidogyne incognita in Eastern Nigeria

Abstract

One hundred and three cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were rated in replicated trials in the field and glasshouse for their reactions to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Forty-one cultivars consistently showed some resistance to the nematode in both field and glasshouse trials; 25 were consistently susceptible and the remaining 37 were inconsistent.     

华南地区3种具有不同入侵性的近缘植物对低温胁迫的敏感性

以五爪金龙(Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet,重度入侵植物)、裂叶牵牛(Ipomoea nil (L.) Choisy,轻度/非入侵植物)和三裂叶薯(Ipomoea triloba L.,非入侵植物)3种起源于热带美洲、且在华南地区具有不同入侵性的番薯属藤本植物作为研究对象,通过比较它们在低温胁迫下的生理响应探究3种植物对低温的敏感性与它们入侵性之间的关系。通过测定在不同温度(28、15、10 ℃)处理下植物的生物量、活性氧、渗透调节物质、根系活力、光合特征等生理指标发现,五爪金龙、裂叶牵牛及三裂叶薯均通过增加光合系统Ⅱ的热耗散、积累渗透调节物质以及增强根系活力来应对低温环境,但15 ℃的温度条件已经对3种植物形成较为强烈的胁迫作用,表现为H₂O₂和丙二醛的积累、光合系统Ⅱ受损、根部细胞死亡以及生物量、根长的极显著下降(P<0.01),证明3种植物对低温胁迫均具有较高的敏感性。综合比较3种植物各生理指标的响应幅度发现,它们对低温的耐受性表现为:五爪金龙 > 裂叶牵牛 > 三裂叶薯,这与它们在华南地区的入侵危害程度一致,暗示低温敏感性的差异可能是其入侵性差异的重要原因。结果表明,低温敏感性是影响外来植物入侵性和入侵区域的重要因素,五爪金龙较高的低温敏感性是限制其在华南以外地区形成入侵危害的重要原因。     

甘薯近缘野生种三浅裂野牵牛WRKY基因家族的生物信息学分析

WRKY基因家族是一类含有WRKY保守结构域的转录因子大家族,是植物中最大的转录调控因子家族之一。目前已有多种植物WRKY家族的分析鉴定报告,但关于甘薯(Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.)中WRKY家族的报告却很少。本研究利用生物信息学方法对甘薯近缘野生种三浅裂野牵牛Ipomoea trifida(Kunth)G.Don的基因组数据进行了详细的分析,结果显示:在三浅裂野牵牛基因组中共鉴定得到82个WRKY转录因子,其中81个不均匀分布在基因组的15条染色体上,第5号染色体上分布最多(10个基因),第8和15号染色体上分布最少(2个基因);蛋白分子大小在116~710个氨基酸之间,等电点为4.85~10.33不等;按照保守结构域分类可以分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三组,Ⅱ组包含Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅱc、Ⅱd和Ⅱe五个亚组,其中Ⅰ组有15个ItWRKY基因、Ⅱa组4个、Ⅱb组11个、Ⅱc组23个、Ⅱd组7个Ⅱe组10个、Ⅲ组12个;82个ItWRKY基因中有8个基因的核心结构域WRKYGQK发生了单个氨基酸变化(WRKYGKK)。ItWRKY基因以组织特异性的方式表达且在不同胁迫下基因的表达量存在差异,表明ItWRKY基因参与了三浅裂野牵牛对胁迫的响应。本研究为甘薯WRKY基因的功能鉴定提供了参考作用,进一步为甘薯的分子育种提供了帮助。     

甘薯全基因组WRKY转录因子的基因鉴定与逆境胁迫表达分析

【目的】对甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)全基因组WRKY转录因子进行基因鉴定与逆境胁迫表达分析,为甘薯WRKY基因的应用提供参考。【方法】在甘薯全基因组序列的基础上,应用生物信息学方法对WRKY基因进行挖掘,分析基因潜在复制关系、保守结构域、亚家族系统进化树、保守基序和抗逆表达模式,并对甘薯SPF1基因与IbWRKY基因进行了比较和分析。【结果】甘薯全基因组上共有82个WRKY基因,可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ3个类型,其中类型Ⅰ和类型Ⅲ的成员数量分别为18和5,类型Ⅱ可进一步分为Ⅱ-a、Ⅱ-b、Ⅱ-c、Ⅱ-d和Ⅱ-e 5个亚类,其成员数量分别为4,14,20,8和13。甘薯WRKY基因不均匀分布于15条染色体上,其中25对基因存在潜在复制关系。保守结构域分析发现,大部分WRKY的结构域高度保守,但个别基因存在保守结构域缺失现象。拟南芥与甘薯的WRKY转录因子在系统进化树上呈现按物种少量聚集的现象。在甘薯WRKY转录因子家族中共发现10个保守基序,包括含有WRKY七肽结构域的基序1和基序7、含有锌指结构域的基序2和基序3,其中基序3为Ⅰ类型WRKY转录因子N端WRKY结构域所特有。对逆境胁迫下的甘薯转录组数据进行分析发现,甘薯苗期在蔓割病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.batatas)侵染后共有19个WRKY基因差异表达,甘薯块根贮藏期在低温胁迫下有34个WRKY基因差异表达。蛋白序列比较和分析结果表明,甘薯SPF1的氨基酸序列与IbWRKY32的氨基酸序列一致度最高,为85.4%。【结论】甘薯全基因组中鉴定得到82个WRKY基因,其结构域较为保守,在蔓割病胁迫与低温胁迫条件下均存在差异表达。     

不同改良材料对镉污染土壤上通菜营养指标的影响

[目的]探讨石灰、赤泥两种改良剂对重金属镉污染土壤的修复作用。[方法]以泰国通菜为材料,以赤泥和石灰为土壤改良剂,采用盆栽试验,设4种土壤处理。测定通菜的株高、可溶性糖、还原糖、微量蛋白质和Vc,分析各种处理对通菜生长的影响。[结果]结果表明,过量的镉对通菜的生长有明显的抑制作用,添加石灰和赤泥后,抑制作用得到缓解。不同改良剂对通菜的营养指标有不同的改良效应,对于株高和可溶性糖含量,改良效果为石灰>石灰+赤泥>赤泥。对于蛋白质和Vc含量,改良效果为赤泥>石灰>石灰+赤泥。[结论]添加改良剂石灰、石灰+赤泥、赤泥,可以显著降低土壤中镉的污染。     

入侵杂草五爪金龙有性繁育系统的初步研究

【目的】定点观察粤东地区农林业入侵杂草五爪金龙(Ipomoeacairica L.)的开花动态,并研究其有性繁育系统类型。【方法】在生态学外业调查的基础上确定4个样地,观察五爪金龙开花动态,计算花粉-胚珠比(P/O)、种子-胚珠比(S/O)、花粉活性率、柱头可授率和杂交指数OCI。【结果】五爪金龙花粉-胚珠比(P/O)为2224,种子-胚珠比(S/O)为0.56,介于兼性异交与专性异交之间,以异交为主。五爪金龙开花期持续时间长,结实期短,单花开放时间仅为1d。花粉活性率和柱头可授率在一天中均呈现抛物线趋势,且各自的最高峰分别出现在上午09:30与下午14:30～15:30;杂交指数OCI=5,为部分自交亲和,异交,需传粉者。【结论】五爪金龙繁育系统类型为混交繁育系统,即自交和异交并存;建议对五爪金龙采用全株清除的人工防治措施。     

Inhibitory effect of Ipomoea aquatica extracts on glucose absorption using a perfused rat intestinal preparation

Investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of Ipomoea aquatica aqueous and dichloromethane/methanol extracts on the glucose absorption using a rat intestinal preparation in situ. Extracts orally tested at the dose of 160 mg/kg exerted a significant inhibitory effect on glucose absorption when compared with control animals. The most pronounced effect was observed with the aqueous extract. Ouabain used as reference inhibitor strongly inhibited glucose absorption. On the other hand both plant extracts inhibited the gastrointestinal motility suggesting that the inhibition of glucose absorption is not due to the acceleration of intestinal transit.     

Assessing genetic diversity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) cultivars from tropical America using AFLP

The sweet potato genebank at the International Potato Center (CIP) maintains 5,526 cultivated I. batatas accessions from 57 countries. Knowledge of the genetic structure in this collection is essential for rational germplasm conservation and utilization. Sixty-nine sweet potato cultivars from 4 geographical regions (including 13 countries) of Latin America were randomly sampled and fingerprinted using AFLP markers. A total of 210 polymorphic and clearly scorable fragments were generated. A geographic pattern of diversity distribution was revealed by mean similarity, multidimensional scaling (MDS), and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The highest genetic diversity was found in Central America, whereas the lowest was in Peru-Ecuador. The within-region variation was the major source of molecular variance. The between-regions variation, although it only explains 10.0% of the total diversity, is statistically significant. Cultivars from Peru-Ecuador, with the lowest level of within region diversity, made the most significant contribution to the between region differentiation. These results support the hypothesis that Central America is the primary center of diversity and most likely the center of origin of sweet potato. Peru-Ecuador should be considered as a secondary center of sweet potato diversity.     

Sweet-potato productivity as affected by recurrent use of vines as planting-material

Yield performances of apical shoot cuttings of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) obtained from crops raised 2 or 4 times recurrently through vines, were compared with those obtained from tubers. The recurrent use of vines as planting-material did not show any marked variation in market-grade tuber yield, but it significantly decreased vine yield and increased weevil infestation in tubers. Cultivars ‘Cross-4’, ‘RS-5’ differed significantly in performance