酶-超声波法提取红薯茎叶中绿原酸的工艺研究

以红薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam]茎叶为原料,采用酶-超声波提取绿原酸.对料液比、加酶量、超声功率和超声时间进行了单因素和正交试验.确定绿原酸提取的最佳工艺为料液比1∶20、加酶量1.5％、超声波功率175W、提取时间20 min,在此条件下,绿原酸的提取率为3.45％.     

甘薯叶黄酮微波提取工艺的响应面法优化

用响应面法优化甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)叶黄酮的微波提取工艺,研究了微波功率、微波时间、乙醇体积分数、液固比4个因素对黄酮提取率的影响.并采用Box-Behnken设计对最佳提取工艺进行了优化.结果表明,最佳工艺条件为微波功率200 W、微波时间4 min、乙醇体积分数50％、液固比43∶1(V/m,mL∶g),在此条件下甘薯叶黄酮的提取率为8.082 7％,与预测值8.314 2％基本吻合.     

淹水对水紫树生长和生理特性的影响

通过人工模拟淹水环境,对2年生水紫树进行生长和生理特性观测与分析,以期为水紫树的耐涝性研究的提供理论参考,也为我国沿海和涝害地区耐水湿树种的筛选提供理论依据。结果表明:淹水促进了水紫树地上部分生长,淹水60d苗木侧根和须根数量明显减少,大量不定根形成,且成活率为100%;0~30d水紫树可溶性糖含量与对照无显著差异,后期显著高于对照(P<0.01);ADH活性从淹水第10d开始上升,至第50d的最大值1.24U/mL,随后下降,但仍显著高于对照(P<0.01);SOD活性显著高于对照(P<0.01),呈先上升后下降的趋势;POD在面对淹水时表现不敏感,其酶活性高于对照,但无显著差异(P>0.05);整个淹水过程中,H2O2的含量显著高于对照(P<0.01),并处于一个稳定的状态;MDA含量在第10d之后,淹水处理显著高于对照(P<0.05),整体呈“M”型趋势。     

沼泽红假单胞菌的分离鉴定及对蕹菜生长的影响

从引进的日本土壤改良剂中富集分离得到1株光合细菌,通过形态学观察及生理生化特性鉴定,鉴定为该菌株属于红假单胞菌属。以泰国柳叶蕹菜为试验材料,用GRH-507菌液稀释500倍在蕹菜幼苗期、生长期进行叶面喷施,以等量的清水作对照,在成熟期调查蕹菜的产量。结果表明,喷施500倍GRH-507菌液稀释液能提高蕹菜的产量,两次收割产量分别比对照增产31.03%、20.74%。     

Genetic variation of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivated in Chile determined by RAPDs

RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) technology was applied to analyze the genetic variability of sweet potato germplasm existing in Chile and elsewhere. Analysis of 28 cultivars from all over the world showed polymorphic bands with all 18 primers tested. A total of 124 RAPD bands were scored with an average of 6.9 polymorphic bands per primer. These results confirm that sweet potato exhibits high genetic variation. Two groups were distinguished: one containing Peruvian cultivars, and another containing cultivars from the rest of the world. Analysis of 14 accessions from Central Chile and one from Northern Chile showed polymorphic bands with 24 of 26 primers tested, but almost all of the 140 polymorphic bands merely showed the distinctness of the Northern accession. The almost complete uniformity of the other 14 accessions shows that sweet potato germplasm collected in Central Chile has very little genetic variability and may be derived from a single cultivar. Based on these results and on historical records, some hypotheses are proposed to explain the origin of sweet potatoes cultivated in Chile. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of local inoculum on the spread of sweet potato virus disease: limited infection of susceptible cultivars following widespread cultivation of a resistant sweet potato cultivar

A study compared the spread of sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) into crops of two moderately resistant and initially SPVD-free sweet potato cultivars in northern and southern Mpigi, Uganda. Whiteflies, the vector of sweet potato chlorotic stunt crini virus (SPCSV), a component cause of SPVD, were similarly abundant in farmers' sweet potato fields around Namulonge in northern Mpigi, and Kanoni in southern Mpigi. However, mean incidence of SPVD in farmers' crops neighbouring the trials was higher at Kanoni (13.3%) than at Namulonge (2.8%). Furthermore, spread of SPVD into initially SPVD-free sweet potato plots of two only moderately resistant cultivars was greater in plots at Kanoni than in plots at Namulonge. The SPVD-resistant New Kawogo was the most common cultivar grown in farmers' fields at Namulonge and had few diseased plants, whereas susceptible cultivars with relatively high incidences of disease predominated at Kanoni. Final SPVD incidence in each trial was positively correlated with a measure combining the proximity and level of inoculum in surrounding fields. The study demonstrates the importance of local SPVD inoculum in determining the rate of spread of the disease into fields and implies that the widespread cultivation of a resistant variety limits infection of susceptible cultivars grown nearby.     

A novel aldo-keto reductase gene, IbAKR, from sweet potato confers higher tolerance to cadmium stress in tobacco

High concentrations of Cd can inhibit growth and reduce the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus in plants. In several plant species, aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) have been shown to enhance tolerance to various abiotic stresses by scavenging cytotoxic aldehydes; however, few AKRs have been reported to enhance Cd stress tolerance. In this study, the gene IbAKR was isolated from sweet potato. The relative expression levels of IbAKR increased significantly (approximately 3-fold) after exposure to 200 mmol·L⁻¹ CdCl₂ or 10 mmol·L⁻¹ H₂O₂. A subcellular localization assay showed that IbAKR is predominantly located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. IbAKR-overexpressing tobacco plants showed higher tolerance to Cd stress than wild-type (WT). Transgenic lines showed a significant ability to scavenge malondialdehyde (MDA) and methylglyoxal (MG). In addition, proline content and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly higher and H₂O₂ levels were significantly lower in the transgenic plants than in the WT. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging genes encoding guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and peroxidase (POD) were significantly upregulated in transgenic plants compared to WT under Cd stress. These findings suggest that overexpressing IbAKR enhances tolerance to Cd stress via the scavenging of cytotoxic aldehydes and the activation of the ROS scavenging system.     

Interaction of plant genotype and management in the persistence of a perennial grass exposed to grazing and soil fertility stresses

Increased stocking rates under typical pasture improvement practices in southern Australia have often been associated with low persistence by sown perennial grasses subjected to continuous stocking. Cultivars of the perennial grass phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), which is widely used in southern Australia, vary in their phenology and growth habit. Winter‐active cultivars have also been developed with improved stress tolerances, viz. heavy grazing pressure (Holdfast GT) and acid soils (Advanced AT). This study examined the persistence of phalaris genotypes over 4 years under five management treatments: high P‐high stocking rate (18 sheep per hectare) rotationally stocked (HPRS); high P‐high stocking rate continuously stocked (HPCS); high P‐intermediate stocking rate (13·5 sheep per hectare) continuously stocked (HPCS13.5); low P‐low stocking rate (9 sheep per hectare) rotationally stocked (LPRS); and low P‐low stocking rate continuously stocked (LPCS). Basal frequency of phalaris declined rapidly under HPCS and LPCS in the first year of treatments when periods of low herbage mass occurred under low rainfall. Basal frequency in high P treatments stabilized and partially recovered but continued to decline in low P treatments. Holdfast GT survived the early decline in the HPCS treatment better than other winter‐active cultivars and similar to a known grazing tolerant, semi‐winter‐dormant cultivar. Advanced AT and older winter‐active cultivars were sensitive to continuous stocking but persisted better under rotational stocking or under a reduced rate of continuous stocking (HPCS13.5). Rotational management clearly promoted persistence of winter‐active phalaris, but long‐term persistence will be better ensured by combining management with the use of genotypes with grazing tolerance traits.     

星云湖种植空心菜生长量及净化湖水效果分析

针对当前星云湖中度富营养化(劣V类)水质的实际问题,采用漂浮种植设施直接在星云湖湖面种植空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica),开展适应性生长试验和湖水养分吸收净化试验的研究。结果表明:空心菜能够很好地适应生长于低浓度养分的星云湖水体环境(全N 2.41 mg·L~(-1)、水溶性N 2.00 mg·L~(-1)、水溶性P 0.46 mg·L~(-1)),并且前期表现为较短的缓苗期(7 d),后期则枝叶生长旺盛;在空心菜的6次茎叶收割周期中,其生长量呈现出"先增后降"的趋势,且茎叶生长量较高,空心菜的茎叶鲜重达75 555 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),生长量为1 260 kg·hm-2·d-1;空心菜的养分含量主要分配在茎叶,茎叶中总N、总P、总K含量分别为3.43%、0.74%、6.25%;空心菜对星云湖湖水养分具有较强的吸收净化能力,吸收星云湖湖水中的N、P、K量分别为259.05、55.21、469.84 kg·hm~(-3)·a~(-1),净化星云湖湖水的量以水溶性N、水溶性P、水溶性K计,分别为129 525、120 022、34 220 m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);空心菜的生长量与茎叶养分吸收量和湖水养分量之间存在一定的相关性。利用空心菜漂浮种植于星云湖水面,产生了明显的经济效益及显著的生态效益。     

现代生物技术在甘薯育种中的应用

现代生物技术攻克了过去在甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)育种中无法解决的难题。诱变育种、细胞工程、分子标记和基因工程等现代生物技术已在甘薯选育、品质改良、增强抗病虫性等方面上发挥了非常重要的作用。综述了诱变育种、细胞工程、分子标记和基因工程等现代生物技术在甘薯育种中的研究与利用概况。