低钾胁迫下不同钾效率甘薯的钾吸收利用规律研究

以钾高效品种徐薯28和低效品种济薯22为材料,采用室内土培试验研究了不同施钾量下,甘薯钾的积累与分配及利用规律。结果显示:不施钾显著促进甘薯地上部生长,抑制块根膨大,但品种间变幅不同,钾高效型徐薯28具有更强的根系膨大能力。徐薯28苗期地上部钾浓度显著高于济薯22,叶片和叶柄钾含量分别比济薯22高33.1%、33.9%;但收获期徐薯28植株钾含量为8.7 g/kg,显著低于济薯22的9.8 g/kg。施钾或不施钾下,收获期徐薯28钾分配系数分别为4.2、3.2,济薯22分别为2.0、1.5,表明徐薯28将钾更多分配到块根部分,而济薯22更多分配到茎叶部分。各处理的块根钾利用效率(KIUE-T)为65.1~135.9,施钾及不施钾下,徐薯28块根钾利用效率都显著高于对应的济薯22处理。甘薯植株内钾含量高低是决定济薯22及徐薯28钾利用效率高低的关键因素。因此,两甘薯基因型间钾的利用效率差异主要体现在:徐薯28即使在不施钾下,苗期地上部尤其是茎叶能维持较高的钾含量,为后期块根膨大奠定基础,而收获期维持较高的钾分配系数及植株较低的钾浓度,而济薯22则相反。     

Mycorrhizal alleviation of acid soil stress in the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

It is not known why sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivated in tropical regions tolerates acid soil. Here, we report the involvement of mycorrhizal symbiosis in this tolerance. Plants were grown in root-boxes filled with either acidic soil (pH 4.2) or the same soil amended with lime (pH 5.2) for 30 d in a growth chamber. In the inoculated treatments, the percentage of root length colonized by Gigaspora margarita was not affected by soil pH (23±9% at pH 4.2 vs. 30±12% at pH 5.2). The root and shoot dry weights of the non-mycorrhizal plants at pH 4.2 were 27 and 35%, respectively, of those at pH 5.2. The root and shoot dry weights of the mycorrhizal plants at pH 4.2 were 70 and 51% of those at pH 5.2. Growth promotion in mycorrhizal plants was significant only at pH 4.2 (2-fold increase in whole plant dry weight), but not at pH 5.2. As a result, no significant difference was detected in whole plant dry weight between the mycorrhizal plants at pH 4.2 and non-mycorrhizal plants at pH 5.2. The mycorrhizal plants at pH 4.2 showed reduced toxic symptoms of Mn (brown specks on mature leaves) and Al (poor root growth) compared to non-mycorrhizal ones, but tissue concentrations of P, K and Ca did not increase in mycorrhizal plants. We assume that the mycorrhizal colonization can reduce toxic effects of those elements while the exact mechanisms should be further investigated.     

马拉巴栗胚胎发育及离体胚再生植株的研究

提　要　对马拉巴栗胚胎发育研究表明 :胚在受精后很长一段时间呈休眠状态 ,以后经原球胚、鱼雷胚到子叶胚 ,胚胎发育呈多胚现象。胚乳形成属核型。离体胚培养再生植株采用花宝 1号 3g/L 椰子乳 5 0ml/L 糖 2 0g/L 琼脂 12g/L。     

环境调控对甘薯组培苗光合自养和叶片超微结构的影响

 以甘薯组培苗为材料,在特定CO2浓度,光合光量子通量密度(PPFD)和相对湿度(RH)条件下,研究其生长发育状况和叶片的超微结构。与传统培养方式相比,在环境因子CO2浓度、PPFD和RH分别调控为800～875μmol·mol-1、250　μmol·m-2·s-1和75%～85%的条件下,组培苗的叶片数、茎粗、单株鲜重、叶鲜重、叶面积、根鲜重、叶绿素含量和根系活力显著提高。无论培养基中有无添加蔗糖,环境调控方式下培养的组培苗,叶片下表皮细胞的气孔大多数处于开放状态,气孔的开度最大达50　μm;叶肉细胞中的叶     

甘薯不同品种对两种入侵杂草的竞争作用和化感作用

本研究通过盆栽试验和生物测定试验,分别研究了9个不同农艺性状的甘薯品种对三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa和粗毛牛膝菊Galinsoga quadriradiata的竞争作用和化感作用。结果表明,‘烟薯25’‘宁薯10号’和‘西瓜红普薯’等6个品种的竞争平衡指数(CBa)大于0,其中‘宁薯10号’的竞争优势最强,对三叶鬼针草的株高和根长的抑制率分别为62.29%和63.31%;生物测定中仅有‘17234’和‘宁薯10号’两个品种表现出明显的化感作用,其中‘17234’的化感作用指数(AI)最大,对粗毛牛膝菊的株高和根长的抑制率分别为74.32%和82.58%。结合甘薯品种的竞争作用与化感作用进行聚类分析和综合评价,‘宁薯10号’的CBa和AI分别达0.74和0.63以上,为竞争作用和化感作用均较强的抗(耐)性品种;‘烟薯25’虽然对两种入侵杂草的CBa分别达到0.85和0.70,但其AI＜0.1,表现为具有竞争优势的非化感品种;尽管‘17234’的CBa＜0,但其AI＞0.67,说明其为强化感作用的品种。结果表明,甘薯对入侵杂草的抗(耐)性决定于其自身的竞争作用、化感作用或两者的共同作用。这为进一步利用甘薯不同品种对入侵杂草的种间关系实施替代控制提供了科学基础。     

不同种植密度对水生蕹菜生长指标的影响

为明确水生蕹菜适宜生长的密度,在设施大棚内,行距30 cm时,设置了20 cm(P20)、30 cm(P30)、40 cm(P40)3种不同株距,研究了不同密度对水生蕹菜生长指标和生物量积累的影响。试验结果表明,随着密度的增加,水生蕹菜的主茎高、叶片数和主茎粗均表现为P20P30P40,说明生长空间充足利于水生蕹菜单株生物量的积累,但密度过小也不利于水生蕹菜群体生物量的积累,表现为P30P20P40,因此在行距为30 cm时,最适宜水生蕹菜的生长株距为30 cm。     

Enlargement of the variances in amount and composition of anthocyanin pigments in sweetpotato storage roots and their effect on the differences in DPPH radical-scavenging activity

To investigate the effect of differences in anthocyanin composition on radical-scavenging activity in the purple-fleshed sweetpotato storage root, 124 sweetpotato clones with various compositions of anthocyanin were produced by crosses among superior sweetpotato genetic resources, and were analyzed for anthocyanin composition and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity (RSA). The highest content of anthocyanin among the clones was twofold higher than the content of cv. Ayamurasaki, which has been released for use in industrial pigment production in Japan. The range of variance in anthocyanin composition was very wide, as the ratio of peak areas of cyanidin-based anthocyanins to total anthocyanin peak areas ranged from 85.7% to 6.0%. The relationship between anthocyanin content and RSA was positively correlated. Correlation coefficients between RSA and the HPLC peak areas of cyanidin-based anthocyanins ranged from 0.606 to 0.687, whereas those of peonidin-based anthocyanins were 0.124–0.271. These results clearly demonstrated that cyanidin-based anthocyanins are closely related to DPPH RSA in sweetpotato storage roots.     

Production of transgenic sweetpotato plants resistant to stem nematodes using oryzacystatin-I gene

Stem nematode (Ditylenchus destructor Thorne) is one of most serious diseases limiting sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) production, and it is urgent to develop sweetpotato varieties resistant to this disease. In present study, we have developed transgenic sweetpotato (cv. Xushu 18) plants resistant to stem nematodes using oryzacystatin-I (OCI) gene with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 harbors a binary vector pCAMBIA1301 with OCI gene, uidA gene and hptII gene. Selection culture was conducted using 7 mg/l hygromycin. A total of 2119 plants were produced from the inoculated 1710 cell aggregates of Xushu 18 via somatic embryogenesis. GUS assay and PCR analysis of the regenerated plants randomly sampled showed that 92.8% of the regenerated plants were transgenic plants. Transgenic plants exhibited enhanced resistance to stem nematodes compared to the untransformed control plants by the field evaluation and the inoculation test with stem nematodes and stem nematode-resistant plants were selected from the transgenic plants. Stable integration of the OCI gene into the genome of resistant transgenic plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, and the copy number of integrated OCI gene ranged from 1 to 3. High level of OCI gene expression in the resistant transgenic plants was demonstrated by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. This study provides a way for improving stem nematode resistance of sweetpotato.     

低温胁迫对甘薯s-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶mRNA表达水平的影响

[目的]为研究s-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因在冷胁迫条件下的表达情况。[方法]分别提取4℃胁迫处理0、12、24、48和72 h后的甘薯叶、茎和块根组织总RNA,通过反转录和实时定量PCR技术分析了该基因的mRNA表达情况。[结果]叶、茎和块根组织中该基因表达量都明显升高,分别于胁迫后24、72和72 h达到表达高峰,其中块根组织表达量增加量最大。[结论]低温胁迫能够促进相关基因的mRNA表达水平升高。     

甘薯品种光合生理指标与薯干产量之间关系的初步研究

分析了甘薯品种不同生长时期光合生理指标的动态变化规律及其与薯干产量之间的关系。结果表明,甘薯品种的净光合速率（Pn)、总叶绿素含量（Tchl)、叶绿素a含量（Chla)、叶绿素b含量（chlb)、叶面积系数（LAI）随生长进程先上升,达到最大值,然后逐渐下降,蔓薯比值（T／R值）随生长进程呈下降趋势。薯干产量与各光合生理指标之间的相关性分析表明,薯干产量与不同生长期的Pn均呈显著正相关,与Tchl,chla,chlb之间有一定的正相关,与栽后90天的T／R值呈显著的负相关,与前期和后期的LAI呈正相关,而与中期的LAI呈负相关。按对薯干产量的相关程度、其排列顺序为Pn,Tchl,chla,chlb,T/R,LAI。甘薯育种应选育净光合速率高、生育后期总叶绿素含量高、T／R值下降快、前期和后期有效叶面积系数大的品种。