整体微生物驱油技术在宝力格油田规模化应用研究

根据宝力格油田巴19断块地质条件、水驱开发特点及目前稳产存在的问题,华北油田公司通过在该断块建立稳定微生物场来实现整体微生物循环驱。实验首先从目标油藏筛选出4株高效采油菌,室内研究表明这四种菌不但能够很好地适应油藏环境,而且对原油具有很好的降黏乳化效果。气相色谱分析表明所筛选菌种能够以原油为碳源,有效降解长链烃,尤其将这4株菌按等比例复配后效果更佳,降黏率达52.8%,在水驱(采收率49.5%)的基础上,物模驱油提高采收率为9.1%。33口注水井进行两轮次的微生物驱后地层中的菌液浓度普遍在105~106个/mL之间,注入的目标菌得到有效生长和繁殖,并且能够维持8个月以上。微生物驱后含水率被控制在85%以下,采收率明显提高,12个月累计增油15000 t,投入产出比达到1: 2.5。该研究为微生物采油技术现场应用提供宝贵经验。     

Macromineral status of dairy cows with concurrent left abomasal displacement and fatty liver

Abstract

AIM: To evaluate the macromineral status of field cases of dairy cows surgically treated for left abomasal displacement (LDA), with concurrent fatty liver of different severity, and compare this for animals that died or recovered.

METHODS: Sixty-eight Holstein dairy cows with LDA and 110 control cows, from 28 farms, were used in the study. Blood samples and liver biopsies were obtained during standing surgery for correction of LDA, and from control cows. The concentration of macrominerals in serum, and of total lipids (tLPD) and triglycerides (TG) in liver were determined. Liver was examined histologically, and classified for its severity of fatty liver. Cows with LDA were grouped according to severity of fatty liver. Cows in Groups 1 to 3 recovered, whereas those in Group 4 died within 4 weeks of surgery. Group 1=mild (n=4) or moderate (n=6 cows, n=4 heifers) fatty liver, Group 2 = moderate to severe fatty liver (n=13), Group 3=severe fatty liver (n=15 cows, n=5 heifers), Group 4 = severe fatty liver (n=17 cows, n=4 heifers).

RESULTS: The concentration of macrominerals in serum was affected by the concurrence of fatty liver and LDA; Ca, K and Mg were significantly (p<0.05) lower in animals that died than those that survived. For cows with severe fatty liver, concentrations of tLD and TG were higher in the animals that died compared with those that recovered (p<0.01). Cows with LDA and severe fatty liver that died were earlier in lactation (median days in milk (DIM) 13 days) compared with the other cows with LDA (median DIM 21–26 days) (p<0.05); they were also significantly older (median 6 years old) than cows in the other groups (median 4 or 5 years old) (p–0.05).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Concentrations of macrominerals in serum were influenced by the concurrence of LDA and fatty liver. Animals with low concentrations of Ca, K and Mg had a guarded prognosis. The concentration of K should always be evaluated in cows with LDA and concurrent fatty liver when providing a prognosis. Most cows with severe fatty liver were detected in the first 4 weeks of lactation, but older animals and those that had more recently calved had a worse prognosis.     

Isocupressic acid,an abortifacient component of Cupressus macrocarpa

Anecdotal reports suggest that abortion occurs in New Zealand cattle after ingestion of macrocarpa (Cupressus macrocarpa). The clinical signs observed are similar to those seen in abortions caused by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws). Isocupressic acid has been identified as an abortifacient component of the needles of ponderosa pine. Macrocarpa collected from the Palmerston North area contained 0.89% and 1.24% isocupressic acid, compared to 1.70% isocupressic acid in Ponderosa pine needles from Oregon in the United States as analysed by the USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. These findings support observations that macrocarpa causes abortion in late gestation cattle in New Zealand and suggest the causal agent is probably isocupressic acid.     

Distribution of P Forms in Natural and Fertilized Forest Soils of the Central Western Spain: Plant Response to Superphosphate Fertilization

Soil responds dynamically to the addition of phosphates by establishing exchanges among the different reservoirs of P existing in the soil. The aim of this work was to find out the effects of surface applied fertilization with triple superphosphate at two concentrations (50 and 100 kg P ha -1 ) in soils of the Sierra de Gata mountains (Spanish Central System) on forms of soil P, the availability of P for plants, and the impact on above-ground production of the tree cover and grasses. Soil P was deter mined according to Hedley, and P availability was quantified using ion exchange membranes. The effects of P fertilization on P forms were observed mainly in the first 10 cm of the study soils; there were no significant differences at greater depths because of the high P sorption capacity of these soils. With a moderate fertilization of 50 kg P ha -1 only two of the four studied soils showed a significant increase in labile P contents and of P adsorbed by sesquioxides. An intense fertilization (100 kg P ha -1 ) had significant effects on the distribution of soil P, independently of the initial available P of soils. However, fertilization with triple superphosphate did not significantly affect the aerial production of the tree cover (except in the-rst year), whereas it did affect herbaceous production at two sites, possibly because they have a larger root mass near the soil surface.     

DMSO对离子注入过程中拟南芥愈伤组织失水的保护作用

以拟南芥愈伤组织为材料,研究了DMSO对离子注入过程中愈伤组织失水的保护效应.结果发现,体积分数1%～2%的DMSO对离子注入过程中愈伤组织失水的保护效果明显,并且不影响愈伤组织的正常生长.随着注入剂量的增加,失水率呈现上升趋势,剂量增加到一定程度,愈伤组织不能继续生长.     

不同有机基质对番茄生长的影响

以腐熟玉米秸、麦秸、菇渣、锯末等及有机肥为有机化栽培的原料,添加土壤后配成有机土进行了番茄栽培试验,结果表明:不同基质阴离子浓度有明显差异.有机栽培基质株高、株幅增幅、茎粗增幅、出穗周期、根系活力和叶绿素含量均高出对照,有机基质处理较土壤对照植株根、茎、叶的发展更为协调.综合不同有机土配比对番茄生长的影响的数据说明,以T5(大粪干:玉米秸:锯末=1:2:1)或T6(大粪干:玉米秸:菇渣=1:2:1)的配方较好.     

盐胁迫下冬枣幼苗对土壤施钾的响应

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同盐胁迫下土壤施钾(K)对冬枣幼苗生物产量、养分含量以及叶片和土壤中K+、Na+分布的影响,以期探讨K素对冬枣Na Cl胁迫的缓解作用,为黄河三角洲滨海盐碱地区冬枣合理施用K肥提供理论依据。结果表明,盐胁迫显著降低了冬枣幼苗的鲜重增加量,施用KCl可以有效缓解Na Cl对植株生长的抑制作用,在盐胁迫下可使叶片干重较未施KCl时提高21.5%~29.8%。土壤施K 0.1 g/kg可使冬枣幼苗的耐盐能力由可耐土壤含盐量2 g/kg提高至3 g/kg。适量施用外源K+可增加叶片中的N、P、K含量,改善树体营养状况,提高叶片中的K+/Na+,在一定程度上减轻盐胁迫造成的离子失衡,减轻Na Cl胁迫对冬枣的伤害作用。土壤盐分会显著影响K素在土壤中的化学行为。     

Evaluation of methods for bulk solution collection from container root media

Abstract

Four methods were tested for suitability in collecting unaltered bulk (soil) solution from container root media. Suction methods led to higher cation and lower P concentrations as a result of interaction between the ceramic sampling cup and the bulk solution. Centrifugation methods yielded insufficient volumes of bulk solution thus calling for further refinements in procedures. Methanolic extraction resulted in lower concentrations of K, Ca and P. The lower concentrations were in accord with the lower dielectric constant for methanol compared to water; i.e., lower solubility and affinity of ions for the solvent. The column displacement procedure facilitated the collection of adequate quantities of unaltered bulk solution in a reasonable period (within 2 hours). A refined procedure is presented.     

考虑位移的土压力计算方法

土压力的计算是基坑设计中的难点问题.针对该问题,本文提出了考虑位移的土压力计算公式,并给出了极限位移的确定方法.结果表明,由该公式计算的土压力界于静止土压力与朗肯土压力之间,能较好地反应主动及被动土压力随位移变化的规律.文中计算结果与实测结果相符,证明了计算公式推导正确以及计算结果合理.