Direct somatic embryogenesis in Epipactis veratrifolia,a temperate terrestrial orchid

Most temperate terrestrial orchids are endangered species. Attempts to produce plantlets from plants of the genus Epipactis by asexual methods have totally failed. This study was conducted using somatic embryogenesis as a rapid vegetative propagation technique for conservation of E. veratrifolia. For these purposes, effects of different types of plant growth regulators (PGRs), different types of explants, light and dark conditions, and the effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and Paclobutrazol (PBZ) were investigated on somatic embryogenesis induction. Abscisic acid (ABA) pre-treatment effectiveness on inducting somatic embryogenesis and increasing the number of embryos per explant were investigated. Subsequently, 16 media were tested to find the best medium for plant regeneration and shoot and root proliferation. BA (3 mg L^?1) resulted in a better response than the other PGRs by supporting the development of 17 embryos per protocorm. PBZ, which resulted in 11 embryos per explant, was better than GA₃. FAST medium supplemented with organic substances was recognized as the best medium for plant regeneration and shoot and root proliferation. ABA pre-treatment had positive effect on somatic embryogenesis initiation. This study, for the first time, succeeded in finding a rapid and suitable protocol for propagation and genetic resource conservation of E. veratrifolia.     

Callus induction and plant regeneration from lateral shoots of herbaceous bamboo Mniochloa abersend

Callus induction and plant regeneration of Mniochloa abersend via lateral shoots were conducted in this study. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.0 mg/L naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was effective for compact callus induction. Remarkably, calli on the MS medium with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D yielded the highest folds of proliferation (8.01), and showed a high potential capacity to differentiate 1 year after subculture. In addition, the compact calli possessed 100% differentiation rate and generated more shoots that were green and strong in 1.0 mg/L kinetin and 1.0 mg/L NAA. Vigorous roots were generated in the 1/2MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid, and the resultant plantlets exhibited 90% survival rate after they were hardened and transplanted. The established regeneration system of M. abersend provides a promising platform for bamboo gene function study.     

基于PWM变量喷雾的单喷头动态雾量分布均匀性实验

为研究PWM变量喷雾系统的动态雾量分布均匀性特点,以胭脂红溶液为喷雾试剂,在输送带上放置矩阵式集雾穴盘收集雾滴,采用浓度-吸光度法测量雾量沉积浓度,对单个喷头分别测试了不同PWM频率、PWM占空比和喷雾压力对总体区域、喷雾前进方向和喷杆方向上雾量分布均匀性的影响。研究发现,相较于喷杆方向,PWM频率对单喷头在喷雾前进方向上的雾量分布均匀性影响更大,某一速度条件下PWM频率的最小值应至少保证喷雾的连续性,且无需过大,从而保证电磁阀的使用寿命;当PWM占空比增大到一定值使喷雾流量基本稳定时,PWM占空比的继续增大可同时提高单喷头在喷雾前进方向和喷杆方向上的雾量分布均匀性,而在PWM占空比增大到该定值之前,仅对喷雾前进方向上的雾量分布有明显影响;在雾化效果较好的前提下,喷雾压力对单喷头在喷雾前进方向和喷杆方向上的雾量分布均匀性均有较大影响,且影响效果相反,主要因为随着喷雾压力的增大,雾量更多地向喷杆方向上的两侧和喷雾前进方向上的中间聚集。     

植物生长调节剂在中药材栽培上的应用

植物生长调节剂是人工合成的具有植物激素活性的一类化学物质,一般分为植物生长促进剂、植物生长延缓剂和植物生长抑制剂3类。笔者总结了植物生长调节剂在中药材栽培上的应用,归纳为促进生长发育、矮化植株并提高抗逆性、增加中药材产量、提高有效成分含量4个方面,进而简要分析了植物生长调节剂的作用机理;探讨了植物生长调节剂施用不当可能降低中药材活性成分含量、导致残留危害、影响中药材栽培环境等问题。并提出,从对药材质量的影响、检测方法与技术的开发、使用规范和残留限量标准的完善等方面开展进一步的研究,以期为科学使用植物生长调节剂提供依据,为促进中药材种植产业健康发展、保障中药用药安全提供参考。     

灌水措施对低温处理后小麦植株性状和产量影响研究

为研究灌水对低温冻害后小麦植株性状和产量影响的规律,以‘周麦22’为研究对象,研究了拔节期小麦在-6℃低温环境下维持4h后,分别在处理后第1d、4d和7d对小麦灌水,灌水量分别为保持土壤含水量26%、18%和10%的小麦后期植株性状和产量的变化。研究结果显示：随着灌水时间的延迟和灌水量的减少,低温处理后小麦分蘖茎存活率逐渐降低,对植株性状、穗部性状和产量性状以及产量的恢复效果影响逐渐降低。低温处理后第4天之前灌水,且土壤含水量达到26%时小麦大分蘖存活率显著提高,第1天灌水,且土壤含水量达到18%以上时小麦潜蘖再生率显著增加。低温处理后第4天之前灌水,土壤含水量达到18%时小麦植株性状增加明显,第1天灌水,灌水后土壤含水量达到18%时小麦穗部结实性状明显增加。低温处理后第4天之前灌水,且土壤含水量达到18%以上时小麦大蘖穗产量明显增加,第1天灌水且土壤含水量达到26%时小麦潜蘖成穗增加显著。试验中,灌水对小麦株成穗数影响较大,对小麦穗粒数和千粒重影响较小。     

基于生理发育时间的水稻发育期预测方法

水稻发育期模型研究是开展现代农业气象服务工作的基础。基于作物生理发育时间守恒原理,综合考虑温度和日长因子对水稻发育期的影响,利用云南省12个农气观测站2011—2014年水稻发育期观测和地面气象观测资料,分别构建并验证了适用于籼稻种植区和粳稻种植区的发育期预报模型。结果表明,2套模型在全发育期和各发育阶段的预报值与观测值模拟效果总体较好,平均全发育期RMSE值为7.47,RE值为7.99%,粳稻模型和籼稻模型的RE值分别为6.49%和9.5%,粳稻区模拟效果优于籼稻区。模型生物学意义明确、参数通用性强,适用于农业气象业务服务中水稻发育期预测,具有推广应用价值。     

不同种植密度对夏玉米品种株型及产量性状的影响

为了阐述不同玉米品种株型及产量性状对密度响应,以目前生产上广泛种植的6个品种（‘郑单958’、‘先玉335’、‘伟科702’、‘浚单20’、‘金海5号’、‘利民33’）为材料,研究4个种植密度(60000、90000、112500、127500株/hm2)下不同品种株型和产量性状的变化。结果表明：6个品种棒三叶面积及茎粗系数均随着密度增加而减小,但减小幅度在不同品种或不同叶位存在差异。产量构成因素如穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒数和千粒重随着密度增加而减小。4个种植密度中,‘金海5号’、‘伟科702’、‘郑单958’在密度为90000株/hm2时产量为最高;其他3个品种随密度增加,产量降低。回归分析发现在10个已知影响玉米产量因素中,穗粒数对产量的直接影响最大,其次为行粒数。此结果为玉米品种选育和生产上高效栽培提供理论依据。     

Control of lettuce big-vein disease by application of fungicides and crop covers

One of the economically important diseases of lettuce is lettuce big-vein disease (LBVD), which leads to severe yield losses. LBVD is associated with a complex of two viruses, Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV). These viruses are transmitted by motile zoospores of Olpidium spp. fungi, which persist in the soil for decades through resting spores. In greenhouse and field experiments, this study tested whether changing plant and soil temperatures together with fungicide application would have a significant effect on controlling LBVD in lettuce. Soil fumigation with metam sodium was not effective at controlling the disease, as opposed to treatment with chloropicrin and methyl bromide. Moreover, the fungicides carbendazim and fluazinam were effective in reducing the incidence of Olpidium virulentus. Nevertheless, control of the fungal vector did not seem to be sufficient to control the disease due to the transition ability of the virus under low vector abundance. Crop covers, which affect the favourable environmental conditions for the viruses by lowering soil temperature and raising air temperature, reduced the disease symptoms. Combining fungicides with crop cover had a synergistic effect on reducing disease symptoms, thus providing a sustainable solution for LBVD.     

中国茶树炭疽菌属病害研究进展及展望

茶树是一种重要的经济作物,广泛种植于热带和亚热带地区。随着茶产品经济价值的提高,茶叶生产安全备受关注。炭疽菌是引起茶树病害的病原菌之一,严重影响茶叶产量和茶产品品质,威胁我国茶产业的良性发展。利用抗病品种是防治茶树病害最为经济、有效的措施。目前,茶树炭疽菌种名使用混乱,茶树与炭疽菌的互作研究也较为薄弱,而简单依靠药剂防治病害也对茶叶质量安全造成一定的影响。本文梳理并明确了危害茶树的炭疽菌种类;总结了现有的茶树和炭疽菌互作的研究成果,提出识别免疫(effector triggered immunity,ETI)模式是茶树防御炭疽菌的主要机制;对茶树病理学存在的问题进行了归纳并提出解决办法,并展望了深入开展茶树抗病机理研究的思路,以期为制定茶园绿色防控技术及选育茶树抗病良种提供科学参考。     

Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment

Although preference for NH₄⁺, NO₃^? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO₃^?, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄⁺) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO₃^? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH₄⁺ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO₃^? or NH₄NO₃ were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH₄⁺alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO₃^? rather than NH₄⁺, and changes in NO₃^? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH₄⁺. Our results implied that decreasing NO₃^? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO₃^?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.