根表功能细菌生物膜及其在土壤有机污染控制与修复中的潜在应用价值

土壤中的有机污染物可从根系进入植物体内,并可进一步通过食物链富集,从而威胁人群健康。植物根际微生物种类繁多、数量巨大,其中很多根际细菌可通过成膜作用在植物根表形成细菌生物膜,协助植物抵抗外界的不良环境或促进植物生长。有机污染物在被植物根系吸收的过程中,多需经过根表细菌生物膜这一特殊界面。综述了根际细菌在植物根表的成膜作用,以及根表功能细菌生物膜对污染物根际环境过程的影响及作用机理,分析了利用根表功能细菌生物膜调控植物吸收有机污染物的可行性,试图为防治土壤有机污染、降低作物污染风险、保障农产品安全等提供理论依据。     

Nitrogen effects on cantaloupes

Abstract

The NO₃ levels in cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) petioles relate closely to N treatment and reflect the N status of the cantaloupe plant. Suggested levels of petiole NO₃ in cantaloupes grown in Arizona are presented. Nitrogen treatment had little effect on melon size, earliness, or most storage quality factors that were evaluated except that deficiencies resulted in lower netting, poor general appearance and an increase in cull melons.     

Influence of total soluble salt concentration on growth and elemental concentration of winged bean seedlings,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.

Abstract

Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) (L.) DC) seedlings of the accession TPT‐1, were grown in a greenhouse with graded, balanced total soluble salt (TSS) concentrations. After 4.5 days, plant height increased quadratically, with a maximum (149 cm) at 3000 ppm TSS. Seedlings were shortest at 1000 and 10,000 ppm TSS, 44.0 and 79.0 cm, respectively. Fresh weight of shoots increased quadratically with greatest weight, 29.03 g, at 5000 ppm TSS. Percent dry matter increased linearly with increasing TSS. Concentration of N, K and P increased quadratically with an increase in the TSS concentration in the growth medium. Concentration of Ca decreased quadratically with increasing TSS. Among the micronutrients, Fe and Mo concentration was quadratic, both elements were highest in the seedlings at 1000 and 10,000 ppm TSS rates. Concentrations of Mn and Zn increased linearly with increasing TSS. Winged bean seedlings at the 1000 to 3000 ppm TSS rates had spindly stems and a sparse, yellow foliage, typical for winged bean seedlings observed in the field during the first 4 to 5 weeks of growth. Seedlings at the 4000 and 5000 ppm TSS rates had sturdy stems and an abundant green foliage. At higher TSS concentrations, 5000 to 10,000 ppm TSS, seedlings had short intermodes and dark green foliage.     

休牧对草原生态系统影响研究进展

对退化草地进行合理休牧已成为当前退化草地生态恢复与重建的有效措施之一。退化草地通过实施休牧措施,对草地地上植被和凋落物及对地下植物根系和土壤等方面产生直接的影响。从植物群落特征变化看,群落高度、密度、盖度随休牧时期的延长主要有3种变化趋势:增加;先增加后降低;先显著降低后显著升高、再显著降低。从群落生物量看,休牧可显著提高草地生产力,地上生物量随季节的变化呈"S"型增长曲线,凋落物量呈"W"型动态变化,对植物地下生物量的增加有促进作用。随着休牧年限增加,禾本科、豆科植物等优良牧草显著增加,菊科植物、杂类草、藜科、有毒有害植物在草群中的比重有所下降。休牧对土壤的恢复效果明显,土壤表层粘粒和粉粒比例总体呈上升趋势,容重随休牧年限的延长先降低后升高,含水量增加,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾及速效氮、磷、钾含量均有所提高;土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、脱氢酶、蛋白酶活性均有不同程度的增加,氧化酶-多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性则降低;微生物量提高;草原土壤种子库植物种类和数量增加;从休牧对草地碳储量影响来看,休牧使土壤有机碳含量有明显的增加。但休牧时间过长,也不利于植被的正常发育和更新。为了能够更好地为制定科学的草原休牧策略服务,建议今后应加强休牧对退化草地植物多样性和生产力的影响,休牧对退化草地土壤种子库影响,不同类型、不同退化程度以及不同利用方式草地合理休牧季节、休牧期长短和休牧年限的研究。     

基于高光谱的冬油菜植株氮素积累量监测模型

为无损和定量研究高光谱技术在冬油菜植株氮素积累量(PNA,plant nitrogen accumulation)时空变化监测的适宜性及准确性,该文以两年田间氮肥水平试验为基础,采用单变量线性和非线性回归方法,建立基于特征光谱参数的冬油菜P NA高光谱估算模型。结果表明,采用比值光谱的方法可显著提高冬油菜冠层光谱反射率与PNA间的相关性,其最佳的波段组合为1 259 nm与492 nm处光谱反射率比值(R1259/R492),决定系数R2为0.85。高光谱参数间,以比值植被指数(RVI-5)、归一化光谱指数(NDSI)、线性内插法红边位置(REIP)、三角植被指数(TVI)、742 nm处一阶微分光谱值(FD742)和红边面积(SDR)等光谱参数与PNA相关性较好(平均R2和标准误SE分别为0.69和42.70),且以FD742表现最优(R2=0.79,SE=35.66)。精度分析结果显示,以光谱参数R1259/R492和FD742为自变量的指数方程模型作为高光谱监测油菜PNA的最佳模型,各生育期Noise Equivalent(NE)均较低且表现稳定,同时模型估测精度较高,R2分别为0.98和0.98,相对均方根误差RRMSE分别为0.73和0.72,相对误差MRE分别为14.42%和10.31%。该方法为快捷和精确评估冬油菜PNA提供了新的研究思路。     

协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.     

高速气流条件下标准扇形喷头和空气诱导喷头雾化特性

标准扇形喷头与空气诱导喷头均为地面喷雾常用喷头,其在低速条件下的雾化特性已有较多研究,而在高速气流下的雾化特性尚不清楚。为了探究对比2种喷头在高速气流条件下的雾化特性,以及其用作航空喷头的可能性,基于北京农业智能装备技术研究中心自行设计制造的IEA-I型高速风洞,采用马尔文Spraytec喷雾粒度仪对德国Lechler公司生产的LU-120-03标准扇形压力喷头和IDK-120-03空气诱导喷头进行了测试。试验结果表明,两种类型喷头在距离出口0.15 m时,雾滴并未完全雾化。而在距离出口0.35 m时雾滴均已充分雾化。其中LU-120-03扇形压力喷头雾滴体积中径随风速增大从210μm逐渐减小至130μm,在管道压力达0.4 MPa以上时,其雾滴粒径分布跨度随风速增大逐渐从1.3增至1.5。而IDK-120-03空气诱导喷头产生的雾滴粒径相对较大,在风速为120 km/h时,达420~450μm,但其随着风速进一步增加快速减小,在风速达305 km/h时,其产生的雾滴体积中径降低到150μm。试验还发现管道压力变化对LU-120-03扇形压力喷头产生雾滴体积中径影响较大,而对IDK-120-03空气诱导喷头产生的雾滴体积中径影响较小。该研究可为固定翼有人机航空施药方案,如喷头选型、压力选择、作业速度选择等提供试验数据指导。     

铜矿区土壤重金属污染与耐性植物累积特征

在铜陵矿区研究了4种植物:商陆(Phytolacca acinosa),鸭跖草(Commelina communis),菌陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries),农田紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)对重金属的富集特征及土壤重金属污染情况。采用ICP-MS分析了土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的重金属全量及植物对As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的积累情况。并计算了四种植物对重金属的生物转移系数BTC(Biological Transfer Coefficient)。结果表明:铜陵狮子山铜矿废弃地鸭跖草(Commelina communis)、菌陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries)群落的土壤养分状况相对较好,农田紫云英的养分状况次之,杨冲山尾矿库分布商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)的土壤养分状况最差。商陆耐瘠薄土壤、尾矿区与附近农田土壤重金属全量分析表明,杨山冲尾矿库附近农田土壤(种植紫云英)铜、镉、铅、锌总量均超过国家农业用地土壤二级标准,尾矿废弃地分布鸭跖草、茵陈蒿的土壤全铜含量超过国家工业用地土壤二级标准,土壤受Cu污染最严重。菌陈蒿、鸭趾草对高含量的土壤铜表现出很好的耐性。鸭跖草对砷和铅的转移系数大于1,茵陈蒿对镉与锌的转移系数大于1。鸭跖草、茵陈蒿、商陆都可以作为矿区生态恢复的先锋植物。     

高养分富集植物凤眼莲的农田利用研究

研究不同凤眼莲施用量条件下土壤养分变化以及小麦生长情况的结果表明:当凤眼莲施用量低于8.1kg·m-2,小麦出苗数不受影响;但当凤眼莲施用量超过8.1kg·m-2时,小麦出苗率显著降低。凤眼莲施用量为13.5kg·m-2时,尽管小麦出苗率显著降低,但由于具有较多的分蘖数和较高的每穗粒数,小麦最终产量与常规单施化肥处理间无显著差异。不同凤眼莲施用处理的土壤速效氮苗期差异显著,但分蘖期后处理间无显著差异;而速效磷和速效钾总体表现为随凤眼莲施用量增加而升高。此外,凤眼莲施用还可促进小麦茎秆对N、P、K的吸收和籽粒粗蛋白含量的增加。由此可见,凤眼莲是一种经济有效的农田有机肥料,其施用量以10.8～13.5kg·m-2为宜,施用后土壤N、P、K、有机质含量较高,且对产量影响不大,当季还可节约施用化学N141.75kg·hm-2、P36～45kg·hm-2,K可免施。     

陆生植物对全球环境变化的适应

全球环境变化对陆地生态系统产生了深刻影响,而陆生植物对环境变化具有一定的适应机制。在生理过程中,信号物质能够对植物的生理过程进行调节,植物会主动积累或合成小分子物质以减轻逆境的伤害。在个体水平上,植物通过调节同化物在不同器官中的分配来适应环境条件的变化;植物对水氮资源的权衡利用可以使其适应不同的资源环境条件;由于对非结构碳水化合物的奢侈利用,植物生长不会受碳供应的限制。植物生理生态过程中的适应机制会影响陆地生态系统的碳收支。只有在综合分析的基础上建立整合植物适应机理的数学模型,才能准确预测环境变化对陆地生态系统的影响。