Sowing date effects on dry matter remobilization and yield of triticale (Triticosecale wittmack) under late season drought stress

A 2-year field experiment using a randomized complete block design with the treatments arranged as split-split-plot with three replicates was conducted to investigate the effects of different sowing dates. Different irrigation regimes and different triticale cultivars were tested during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Under cutting off irrigation at the milk development stage, Sanabad with 46.2% had higher relative water content on December 3 sowing date. Assimilate remobilization in cutting off irrigation at dough development was more than that at milk development and Sanabad had the highest assimilate remobilization on 3 December sowing date in both years. In both years, Sanabad had the highest remobilization efficiency. The highest contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grain was obtained on 3 December sowing date in both years in Sanabad. Lower grain yield in Juanillo cultivar under cutting off irrigation, appeared to be due to reduction in remobilization efficiency, especially by cutting off irrigation at milk development stage in late sowing date. Overall, Sanabad was more tolerant to cutting off irrigation than Juanillo.     

MYCORRHIZAL INFLUENCE ON FRUIT YIELD AND MINERAL CONTENT OF TOMATO GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields are known to decrease for plants grown in saline soils. This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on fruit yield and mineral content of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive tomato cultivars grown with varied levels of salt. NaCl and CaCl₂were added to soil in the irrigation water in equal molar ratios to give EC_e values of 1.4 (nonstressed) and 4.9 dS m^?1 (salt stressed). Plants were grown in a greenhouse using unsterilized, low phosphorus (P) (silty clay) soil-sand mix. Mycorrhizal root colonization occurred whether cultivars were salt stressed or nonstressed, but the extent of AMF root colonization was higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants. The salt tolerant cultivar ‘Pello’ generally had higher AMF root colonization than the salt sensitive cultivar ‘Marriha’. Shoot dry matter (DM) yield, fruit fresh yield, and AMF colonization were higher for plants grown under nonstressed than for plants grown under salt stressed conditions. Shoot DM and fruit fresh yields were higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown with or without salt stress. Pello generally had higher fruit fresh yield per plant and fruit weight than Marriha, but these differences were only significant for fruit weight in unioculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in fruit fresh yield due to AMF inoculation was 26 and 23% under nonstressed and 28 and 46% under salt stressed treatments for Pello and Marriha, respectively. For both cultivars, fruit contents of P, potassium (K), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were higher in AMF inoculated compared with uninoculated plants grown under nonstressed and salt stressed conditions. Fruit Na concentrations were lower in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe acquisition due to AMF inoculation was more pronounced in Marriha than in Pello cultivar under salt stressed conditions. The results of this study indicated that AMF inoculated plants had greater tolerance to salt stress than unioculated plants.     

高集约化农区投入减量化与环境风险降低潜势的时空分异特征

该文应用氮足迹(nitrogen footprint,N footprint)、灰水足迹(grey water footprint,GWF)理论,以上海市青浦区为案例区,对集约农业土地利用系统的活性氮排放和非点源污染进行分析,运用非期望产出的SBM-Undesirable窗式分析模型,系统解析农业土地利用环境效率时空分异特征,综合评估农业土地利用系统投入减量化趋势与环境风险降低潜势。结果表明:1)在考虑活性氮排放和非点源污染约束下,2006-2013年青浦区农业土地利用环境效率相对较低,2006-2013年均值仅为0.669;2)2006-2013年青浦区年均劳动力、肥料和机械动力的潜在减量比例较高,8 a间潜在年均缩减总量分别为8 10~4人,4 501.59 t,27 928.44 k W;非点源污染灰水足迹的潜在减排比例高于污染氮足迹,潜在减排总量年均分别为52 046.88万m~3和381.04 t。花香桥街道具有最大的潜在投入减量化与环境风险降低比例。白鹤镇、练塘镇等具有较大的潜在缩减规模,应成为青浦区农业投入减量化和污染物减排总量控制的重点区域。该文评价结果可为制定农业可持续发展规划及农业产业政策提供参考。     

低磷胁迫下马尾松无性系磷效率性状对氮沉降的响应

【目的】剖析不同类型低磷胁迫下马尾松应对大气氮沉降的生长表现和适应机制,为在大气氮沉降背景下选育营养高效利用的马尾松速生优质新品种提供理论依据。 【方法】以来自马尾松 (Pinus massoniana) 全同胞子代的 5 个优良无性系 1 年生扦插幼苗为材料,分别在同质低磷 (介质表层与深层均缺磷) 和异质低磷 (介质表层磷丰富、深层缺磷) 两种土壤磷素环境下设置两种浓度梯度的模拟氮沉降试验,以研究低磷胁迫下马尾松无性系苗木生长、根系发育及氮、磷效率对模拟氮沉降的响应差异和规律。 【结果】1) 不同类型低磷胁迫下马尾松苗高和干物质积累量均表现出显著的无性系变异,且在同质低磷下存在明显的无性系 × 氮交互效应 (P < 0.05)。2) 马尾松无性系在不同类型低磷胁迫下应对氮沉降的适应机制有所差异。同质低磷、高氮环境下,33-4 和 19-5 等生长势较强的无性系,其根系长度、根表面积以及根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于生长势较弱的无性系,干物质积累量与酸性磷酸酶活性之间的相关性增强,表明根系可通过增加在土壤中的分布面积和提高酸性磷酸酶活性来应对高氮、低磷的外界环境;异质低磷下,生长势较强的无性系,其根系长度和表面积在高氮沉降下显著增加,但比根长反而显著下降,意味着根系在高氮下增加吸收面积的同时,降低自身内部消耗可能是马尾松高磷效率的重要生物学基础之一。3) 马尾松无性系的磷吸收效率受氮沉降影响较大,在不同氮、磷水平下,其磷吸收效率与氮吸收效率均呈极显著正相关 (P < 0.01),表明模拟氮沉降有利于马尾松无性系对土壤中磷素的活化吸收,但磷利用效率无显著差异。4) 马尾松无性系的干物质积累量、根系长度、根表面积以及根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性等指标的变幅较大,且无性系重复力均达到 0.75 (P < 0.05) 以上,这为高氮、低磷环境下马尾松耐受型植株的选择提供了可能。 【结论】以马尾松根系形态和根分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性变异为突破口,选育氮沉降下具有高磷效率的马尾松无性系将有利于遗传效益的提高。     

集约化草地生产及其机械化技术的研究

从介绍我国草地生产的现状出发，着重讨论了发展集约化草地生产的重要性与技术对策，对集约化草地生产的内容、工艺过程及机械化技术装备的需求方向也进行了初步探讨。     

秸秆覆盖及播种方式对马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响

为明确西北旱作雨养农业区不同秸秆带状覆盖种植模式下马铃薯耗水规律、水分利用效率及产量的变化规律,以地膜覆盖和露地种植(CK)为对照,设置4种秸秆带状覆盖模式(①种植带和覆盖带各40 cm、单行播种,②种植带和覆盖带各40cm、双行播种,③种植带和覆盖带各50cm、单行播种,④种植带和覆盖带各50 cm、双行播种),研究不同秸秆带状覆盖模式对旱地马铃薯耗水特性和产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆带状覆盖处理与CK相比,马铃薯薯块产量和水分利用效率平均分别显著提高34.0%、21.5%,分别平均较地膜覆盖显著降低31.3%、25.0%;其中40 cm覆盖种植结构产量和水分利用效率较50 cm覆盖种植结构分别明显提高4.5%和6.8%,双行播种较单行播种增产4.4%,二者水分利用效率无明显差异。秸秆带状覆盖条件下,播种—现蕾阶段的耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数平均较CK显著降低14.5%、15.2%、15.4%,平均较地膜覆盖显著增加20.9%、19.0%、31.5%;与CK相比,现蕾—块茎膨大阶段耗水量、耗水强度及耗水模系数无显著性差异,相比于地膜覆盖,则分别平均显著减少20.7%、22.2%、13.9%;块茎膨大—成熟阶段分别平均较CK显著提高51.7%、52.4%、50.0%。同时,相比于CK,单薯重、商品薯率分别显著提高17.3%、31.8%,单株结薯数和小薯率降低7.5%、17.6%。可见,秸秆带状覆盖栽培可通过降低现蕾前的耗水和增加块茎膨大后的耗水,一定程度上缓解马铃薯植株后期对水分的需求,延长块茎膨大后植株光合作用,提高有机物的积累量,从而提高薯块产量和水分利用效率。而秸秆带状覆盖中,单行种植以种植带∶覆盖带=40 cm︰40 cm最好,双行种植以种植带︰覆盖带=50 cm︰50 cm较适宜。     

密度、氮肥互作对小麦产量及氮素利用效率的影响

为了探明小麦产量和氮素利用效率同步提高的最佳施氮量和种植密度,制定合理的栽培措施,实现高产高效提供理论依据,以大穗型品种泰农18（T18）和中穗型品种山农15（S15）为试材,在大田条件下设置4个播种密度（60、75、90和105 kg/hm2）和3个施氮水平（0、180和240 kg/hm2）,研究了氮密互作对小麦子粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,播种密度和施氮量均显著影响冬小麦产量及构成因素,且两者间存在明显的互作效应;两因素中密度是导致产量变化的主导因素。子粒产量提高引起氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥吸收利用率的协同提高。综合考虑产量和氮素利用效率等因素,在本试验条件下,泰农18的适宜播量为102 kg/hm2,适宜的施氮量为180 kg/hm2;而山农15的适宜播量为83 kg/hm2,适宜的施氮量为180 kg/hm2。说明在冬小麦高产栽培过程中,可以通过调节施氮量和播种密度,充分利用氮密互作效应,在提高氮素利用率的同时,获得较高的子粒产量。     

硒碘联合生物营养强化规律及硒碘交互作用初步研究

硒和碘是人体重要的微量元素,硒和碘缺乏可能导致人体处于亚健康状态或患多种疾病。膳食是安全、高效的补充硒和碘的方式。目前,对植物吸收两种元素的相关性研究较为匮乏。本试验通过施加一定含量梯度的碘酸钾、硒酸盐,探究番茄、生菜两种作物对硒和碘的吸收能力,以及两种元素吸收的相关性。研究结果表明:番茄植株相比生菜,对无机硒和碘酸钾的富集能力更强;生菜和番茄中,硒和碘的吸收没有显著相关性。     

Leaf gas exchange and water-use efficiency of dry-land wheat genotypes under water stressed and non-stressed conditions

The objective of this study was to determine drought tolerance characteristics of dryland wheat genotypes based on leaf gas exchange and water-use efficiency in order to identify promising genotypes for drought tolerance breeding. Physiological responses of ten genetically diverse wheat genotypes were studied under non-stressed (NS) and water stressed (WS) conditions using a 2?×?10 factorial experiment replicated 3 times. A highly significant water condition?×?genotype interaction (P?<?0.001) was observed for photosynthetic rate (A), ratio of photosynthetic rate and internal CO₂ concentration (A/C_i), ratio of internal and atmospheric CO₂ (C_i/C_a), intrinsic (WUE_i) and instantaneous (WUE_inst) water-use efficiencies suggesting genotypic variability among wheat genotypes under both test conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three principal components (PC’s) under both test conditions accounting for 84% and 89% of total variation, respectively. Bi-plot analysis identified G339 and G344 as drought tolerant genotypes with higher values of A, T, gs, A/C_i, WUE_i and WUE_inst under WS condition. The current study detected significant genetic variation for drought tolerance among the tested wheat genotypes using physiological parameters. Genotypes G339 and G344 were identified to be drought tolerant with efficient A, T, gs, A/Ci and water-use under water stressed condition.     

根际注射施肥对黄土高原苹果氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响

【目的】在西北黄土高原地区,春季干旱少雨和肥料利用率低限制着生产优质苹果。国外通常应用水肥一体化技术来克服水肥利用率低的问题,但由于其硬件设施要求高,投资大,短期内在我国难以推广。近年来我国采用的根际注射施肥可利用施肥枪将肥料溶液直接注入根际土壤中,施肥成本低且技术简单。本研究利用同位素15N示踪技术,研究根际注射施肥对苹果氮素吸收利用及产量品质的影响,可为黄土高原果园水肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】以9年生富士/M26/新疆野苹果为试验材料,利用15N尿素标记肥料去向,最后通过MAT-251质谱计测15N丰度,得出果树各器官和土壤的肥料利用率。同时利用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)测定标记叶片的SPAD值,用浸以磷酸甘油溶液的海绵进行田间原位测定,得到土壤氨挥发的量,用静态箱—气相色谱法测定土壤的N2O逸失量。综合对比分析黄土高原传统环状开沟撒施肥与根际注射施肥对苹果吸收利用氮素、肥料氮在土壤中残留及果实产量和品质的影响。【结果】黄土高原苹果园根际注射施肥的优越性体现在:1)施肥后一个月内,果园土壤的气态氮素损失发生变化,根际注射施肥比传统环状开沟施肥的氨挥发总量低54.9%,同时N2O的排放通量低5.0%。2)根际注射施肥后,促进了肥料在土壤中的扩散范围,扩大了根系肥水吸收容积,叶片和果实吸收的肥料氮比例(Ndff%)在整个生长季始终处于较高水平。生长季末期,根际注射施肥的整株氮素当季吸收率为53.04%,比环状开沟施肥提高12.25个百分点,表明根际注射施肥有利于氮素更快地被吸收利用,显著提高苹果树的氮素当季利用率。3)生长季末,在0—60 cm土层内,根际注射施肥的土壤氮素残留率为36.55%,而环状开沟施肥为43.13%,前者显著低于后者。4)在整个生长季内,根际注射施肥处理下的树体新梢叶片内叶绿素含量(SPAD)值一直高于环状开沟施肥。根际注射施肥能提高苹果单株产量和单果重,其单果重和单株产量分别比环状开沟施肥处理提高了3.8%和19.7%。【结论】黄土高原地区推广的果树根际注射施肥技术可以有效提高苹果树体氮素的利用率,降低了土壤中的氮素残留。此外注射施肥的深度、注射量、密度和时间均可根据不同时期的养分需要随时调整,使水肥在土壤中均匀分布,达到节水节肥的目的。同时可避免传统施肥时挖坑作业对浅土层吸收根的损伤,降低劳动力成本。综合来看,根际注射施肥是提高黄土高原区旱地苹果树肥水利用率、产量和品质的有效方式之一。