崇州市元通镇土地整理的现状及存在问题的探讨

基于崇州市元通镇整理前后土地变化的基础上，就整理过程中的投资主体单一，区、镇配套资金不到位，有效的激励机制尚未形成等问题进行了分析，并就此提出相应的解决对策与措施，进而为该区域土地资源可持续利用及社会主义新农村建设提供了一定的科学依据。     

机构知识库建设中的人力因素分析

人力因素在机构知识库建设的各个环节中发挥着重要作用。分析机构知识库建设人力资源组织架构, 并从组织领导、资源提供、技术开发维护以及宣传推广4个角度, 分析了机构知识库建设中各类人员的构成与作用。     

果树类型及配置方式对南疆间作棉花产量品质及经济效益的影响研究（英文）

[目的]选取苹果、香梨、桃、杏、核桃、红枣等果树,在南疆果棉间作生态区,研究开展间作果树类型对棉花生长的影响,为形成稳定、高效的配置结构,以及制订系统科学的管理措施提供理论依据。[方法]以生产中的主要种植模式为研究对象,采用大田随机区组设计,在关键生育时期,调查棉花的主要生长指标、冠层微气象指标、产量指标及纤维品质指标。[结果]遮荫对棉花冠层微环境的改变显著,树冠直径与遮荫效果呈加性效益,同一树种间比较,冠层微环境的变化幅度依次为冠下〉冠外〉中间测点,不同树种间比较,冠层微环境变化幅度依次为桃树〉香梨〉苹果〉桃核〉红枣。树冠直径与果枝台数、单株结铃数的下降呈正比,遮荫是造成产量下降的主要原因。树冠增大导致棉花冠层光强、冠层温度降低,冠层湿度升高,微环境因子的改变对棉纤维品质的形成具有影响作用。[结论]对间作棉花产量、品质及冠层环境综合指标较为有利的果树依次为红枣〉桃核〉苹果〉香梨〉桃树,生产中采用红枣等冠层较小的树种或适度修剪营养枝,能够提高棉花产量,改善纤维品质。     

中国土地流转制度变迁的触发机制

新时期中国土地流转制度出现新的制度变迁,它的出现是各方对其潜在利润的最大追逐,从新制度经济学的交易费用、交易收益、路径依赖角度出发,详细阐述了当前制度变迁的原因、合理性和阻碍因素,分析了制度变迁中存在的触发机制,并依据制度变迁中的路径依赖现象,提出制度进一步改善的途径。     

应用气动量仪检测液压元件的密封性

泄漏量是大多数液压元件出厂试验的必检项目,提出用气动测量的方法进行检测,并在理论上对其可行性进行了探讨,证明了能够利用气动量仪对液压元件的泄漏量进行定量检测。利用这种方法可消除液压元件在泄漏量检测过程中出现的堵塞现象,节约能源,提高工效。     

Negotiating participatory irrigation management in the Indian Himalayas

Participatory irrigation management (PIM) reforms are implemented in India to facilitate farmers’ participation in irrigation management, through water user groups. Although thousands of user groups have been formed, a closer examination reveals inefficient water use, social power capture by rural elites in the name of participation, inadequate support from government institutions and government's inability to alleviate poverty. Currently, there is inadequate understanding of the linkage between socio-cultural, institutional and ecological factors affecting the outcome of the PIM reforms in India. Drawing from a case study village in the Shiwalik region of the Indian Himalayas, the paper identifies the role of diverse actors to exploit historic and ecological factors to derail the PIM reforms to frame water management problems. Using a combination of research methods and with application of a Bayesian network, the paper explores the inter-linkages between socio-cultural, institutional and ecological factors in derailing the PIM reforms. The paper reveals that PIM policies are never implemented, but integrated through the negotiation with other diverse policies and socio-cultural settings in (re)shaping water resources management. The analysis demonstrates that water is managed by multifaceted governance arrangements. In this governance arrangement state-centric or market-oriented or community-centered institutional arrangements are not superior to each other, rather they incrementally and cumulatively superimpose to (re)shape water resources management. In this process, integration represents a complex blend of statutory and socially embedded actors bringing with them diverse rules to negotiate, along with contextual factors. The findings call for laying out broad principles/ideologies in the policy statements of the statutory public actors that allow other actors to integrate, adapt and make policy processes dynamic. To facilitate this processes, the paper calls for statutory public actors to regulate water distribution, build capacity of actors and offer diverse forums for actors share and debate on the available information to take informed water-related decisions for a sustainable future.     

Competitiveness of beef farming in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

The aim of this study was to typify competitiveness on beef cattle farms from the western border region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Sixty-three farmers, each with an individual farm area exceeding 900 ha, were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, divided in four sections: technology (TEC), management (MAN), market relationships (MR) and institutional environment (IE). Data were analysed using Cluster and Discriminant analyses. Beef cattle producers were divided into three levels of competitiveness: low (LCL), medium (MCL) and high (HCL). Comparing LCL × MCL, the former group of farmers showed lower levels of pasture and reproduction management than the latter (subfactors within TEC). When LCL × HCL were compared, the main differences were the lower access to technological innovation and low investment with herd genetics of LCL compared with HCL. The lower level of management activities (performance recording, animal handling and calculation of financial parameters) of MCL compared with HCL were the main variables that differ between these farms. Cattle producers interviewed here were, in general, competitive, mainly due to the use of technologies on farm. However, there were limitations in the variables related to management.     

The sacred commons: Conflicts and solutions of resource management in sacred natural sites

Sacred natural sites are considered an additional pillar for biodiversity conservation, next to the protected areas network. However, sacred landscapes are not primarily conservation areas, but exist for cultural and social reasons. To evaluate their strengths and weaknesses as community-based conservation areas, a thorough understanding of the underlying values, institutional arrangements, and outcomes is required. Here, I use institutional economics for a meta-analysis of publications on sacred natural sites to identify potential conflicts in their maintenance, and to analyze institutional arrangements to solve these conflicts. I show that most sacred natural sites resemble common-pool resources and that many design principles that are linked to common-pool resources are also found in traditional institutions managing sacred places. Design principles are no blue-print solution but they may guide future research to identify locally robust institutional arrangements that are linked to the ecological integrity of sacred natural sites.