Agronomic performance of winter wheat grown under highly divergent soil moisture conditions in rainfed and water‐managed environments

Even in the temperate climates of Europe, increasing early season drought and rising air temperature are presenting new challenges to farmers and wheat breeders. Sixteen winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes consisting of three hybrids, six line cultivars and two breeding lines from Germany as well as five line cultivars from France, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary and the Ukraine (referred to as “exotic” lines) have been included in this study. The genetic materials were evaluated over three growing seasons under a range of soil moisture regimes at the three North German sites Braunschweig (irrigated and drought‐stressed), Warmse (rainfed) and Söllingen (rainfed). The average grain yields in the twelve growth environments (water regime × season combinations) ranged from 6.1 to 13.5 t ha^?1. The exotic lines showed little evidence of specific phenological adaptation to drought although they are frequently faced with water scarcity in their countries of origin. The hybrids and German lines exhibited higher regression coefficients (b_i) to environmental means than the exotic lines, indicating particular adaptation to favourable growing conditions. The phenotypical correlations of grain yield between the various environments were high, ranging for instance from 0.6 to 0.8 for the irrigated and drought‐stressed environments at Braunschweig. It is thus expected that in the foreseeable future continued selection aiming at high yield potential will suffice as a means to counter the expected increase in droughts.     

Computer simulation of a selection strategy to accommodate genotype environment interactions in a wheat recurrent selection programme

Multi-environment trials (METs) are used in plant breeding programmes to evaluate genotypes (lines/families) as a basis for selection on expected performance (yield and/or quality) in a target population of environments (TPE). When a large component of the genotype environment (G × E) interactions results from crossover interactions, samples of environments in METs that deviate from the TPE provide a suboptimal basis for selection of genotypes on performance expected in the TPE. To adjust for the negative effects of these deviations, a selection strategy that weights the data from the MET according to their expected frequency of occurrence in the TPE (i.e. a weighted selection strategy) was investigated. Computer simulation methodology was used to obtain preliminary information on the weighted selection strategy and compare it to the traditional unweighted selection strategy for a range of MET scenarios and G × E interaction models. The evaluation of the weighted selection strategy was conducted in context with the germplasm enhancement programme (GEP) of the Northern Wheat Improvement Programme in Australia. The results indicated that when the environments sampled in the MET matched those expected in the TPE, the unweighted and weighted selection strategies achieved a similar response to selection in the TPE. However, when the environments sampled in the MET did not match the expectations in the TPE and a large component of the G × E interactions resulted from crossover interactions, the weighted selection strategy achieved a greater response to selection in the TPE. The advantage of the weighted strategy increased as the amount of crossover G × E interaction increased or fewer environments were sampled in the METs.     

醚菊酯在模拟水生系和稻田中的残留行为

通过模拟和田间试验,研究了醚菊酯在模拟水生系和稻田环境中的残留、降解及分布．结果表明：醚菊酯在模拟水生系和稻田环境中的降解符合方程式Ｃ＝Ｃｏｅ－ｋｔ;水浮莲对水中醚菊酯的吸收富集能力和保持能力都大于罗非鱼,醚菊酯在生物和环境中的残留及分布表现为接触性,其内吸传导性小     

An outbreak of Shewanella putrefaciens group in wild eels Anguilla anguilla L. favoured by hypoxic aquatic environments

Microbiological analyses were conducted on wild eels from the L′Albufera Lake (Spain). A total of 174 individuals were collected in two surveys (i.e. year 2008 and autumn–winter 2014) among those caught by local fishermen into the lagoon. The prevalence of Shewanella putrefaciens group was 1.7% in 2008 and rose above 32% in 2014. It was due to an outbreak of shewanellosis that presented a morbidity rate of 64%. S. putrefaciens group strains were isolated as pure cultures from the sick eels that showed white ulcers surrounded by a reddish inflammation, damage of the mouth, extensive skin discoloration, exophthalmia, ascites and bad odour. The S. putrefaciens group was recovered from freshwater samples taken at the L′Albufera system, along autumn–winter 2015. Its counts significantly increased in freshwater parallel to hypoxia and temperature rising. Shewanellae strains were identified as S. putrefaciens and S. xiamenensis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These isolates recovered from sick eels or freshwater were virulent for European eel by IP challenge (LD₅₀ 10⁶ CFU g^?1 body weight). They also caused 30–38% cumulative mortality, in European eels challenged by a 2‐h bath (10⁷ CFU mL^?1). These results suggest that shewanellosis could be transmitted through water highlighting the fact that hypoxic conditions increase this bacterium levels in water.     

Three hydro‐seeding revegetation techniques for soil erosion control on anthropic steep slopes

Erosion control at low–medium radioactive waste disposal sites is an important concern. A study was carried out in El Cabril (Córdoba, Spain) on two 40 per cent anthropic steep slopes in order to test the effectiveness of hydro‐seeding techniques for controlling soil erosion. Two groups of 10 m × 3 m plots were established. The treatments tested were: hydro‐seeding with the application of vegetal mulch (VM); hydro‐seeding with added humic acids (HA); hydro‐seeding with vegetal mulch and humic acids added (VM + HA); and a control without hydro‐seeding or soil amendment (C). Fifteen run‐off producing rainfall events were recorded during the study period, with intensities ranging between 2 mm h⁻¹ and 33·6 mm h⁻¹. All treatments significantly reduced runoff and soil loss (p < 0·05). The VM+HA treatment was the most effective, reducing 98·5 per cent of total soil loss. The HA treatment (97·1 per cent reduction) was also more effective than the VM treatment (94·8 per cent reduction). A great reduction in runoff and sediment yield was observed in the treated plots during the first stages after hydro‐seeding. This result may be attributed to the combined effect of: (a) the protection against raindrop impact due to the application of straw and mulch to the soil surface, and (b) a general improvement in the soil's structure brought by the organic amendments. Seven months after hydro‐seeding, an increase in the density of the plant cover could be added to the beneficial effects mentioned above. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distribution and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in three repeated operating ages of the blood cockle Anadara granosa cultivation in Bandon Bay,Suratthani Province,Southern Thailand

The diversity, distribution and species richness of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna as well as benthic environments were examined in the blood cockle Anadara granosa cultivations at Ban Don Bay, Suratthani Province, Southern Thailand during the summer season of April and rainy season of October in 2017. The cockle cultivations of three repeated operating ages (<5 years: S1; 5–10 years: S2; more than 10 years: S3) were selected for the study, and the sampling sites were allocated at the centre of the farm. Results indicated that there were significant differences in species number, individual number and evenness index of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna found in the two sampling seasons (p < .05) and significant differences in individual number and evenness index were found among the sampling sites (p < .05). Significant differences in pH, total phosphorus levels, sulphide levels and organic matter of sediment were found between the sampling seasons (p < .05) and differences in total nitrogen level, organic matter and clay content were found among the sampling sites (p < .05). Among the independent variables analysed, correlation analysis showed no relationship between diversity index, species richness index and evenness index and the abiotic variables (p < .05). The results of the present study suggest that the distribution and diversity variations of the benthic macroinvertebrates community fauna are not affected by all sediment parameters in various repeated cultivation of the blood cockle Anadara granosa in Bandon Bay, Suratthani Province.     

陕西不同生态区气候因子对丹参主要药效成分的影响

【目的】探讨在陕西省不同生态区中,温湿度、降雨、日照时数等主要气候因子对丹参主要药效成分积累的影响,并对丹参2类主要药效成分积累水平与生境气候因子的相关性进行分析,为科学拓展丹参适宜种植区和中药材"成分定向培育"提供理论指导。【方法】将相同种源的丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)种苗于同时期按照统一的人工管理要求,栽植于陕西省3种典型气候区和1个过渡气候带的22个试验区中,通过中国气象科学数据共享中心平台和陕西省经济作物气象服务台获取各试验区的主要气候因子信息,各试验点选取直径0.3~0.6cm的干燥丹参根条,采用RP-HPLC指纹图谱技术检测丹参主要药效成分,研究不同气候条件下丹参根中迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B和总丹参酮(隐丹参酮+丹参酮Ⅰ+丹参酮ⅡA)的积累水平、差异规律及其与生境主要气候因子的相关性。【结果】丹参根中的酚酸类成分相对含量由南至北基本表现为"高-低-高"的变化趋势,而酮类成分则随纬度升高显著降低。总酚酸类与总丹参酮类含量的比值为8.44~25.64,具有北高南低的特点;陕北大陆性半干旱季风气候区的总酚酸类与总丹参酮类含量的比值偏高,表现为酚酸高而酮低,其中榆林的总酚酸含量是总丹参酮含量的25.64倍;陕西南部北亚热带湿润季风气候区二者比值高于关中地区暖温带半湿润气候区和商洛地区暖温带湿润气候区,酚酸类和酮类含量水平均相对较高。丹参根中总丹参酮的积累水平与气候因子的相关性较强,强弱顺序为年均相对湿度年均0~20cm地温年均水汽压年累积日照时数年均温度年均昼夜温差年活动积温年均风速。【结论】温暖湿润的环境条件更有利于丹参酮类物质代谢的积累;丹参酚酸类成分在不同气候条件下未表现出规律性,气候因子对酚酸类成分的调控机制更为复杂。     

寒旱环境植物根系增强边坡土体抗剪强度试验研究

研究以地处西宁盆地的青海大学自建试验区作为研究区。采用草本、灌木植物单一种植和混合种植的方式,对种植植物边坡及未种植植物的素土边坡在A层(坡面地表0cm)、B层(坡面以下20cm)深度处的根—土复合体试样进行直接剪切试验,探讨了单一种植和混合种植两种种植方式下边坡土体抗剪强度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)单一种植的草本边坡在A层处根—土复合试样的粘聚力值分别为24.09,22.81kPa,均显著大于灌木边坡A层深度处根—土复合体试样的粘聚力值19.03,17.91kPa,且相对于素土试样的粘聚力值,草本根—土复合体试样的粘聚力值的增加幅度依次为104.67%,93.80%,灌木根—土复合体试样粘聚力值的增加幅度依次为61.68%,52.17%,显然,草本根—土复合体的粘聚力值增长幅度大于灌木植物;(2)随边坡土体深度的增加,单一种植方式下草本边坡根—土复合体试样粘聚力值呈递减趋势,即粘聚力值依次由24.09,22.81kPa递减至19.06,21.02kPa,这在一定程度反映出草本对边坡浅层土体抗剪强度的增强作用相对较为显著;(3)2种草本和灌木混合种植方式下根系对边坡土体抗剪强度的贡献值,均大于相应位置处2种草本和灌木单一种植方式下的贡献值,即混合种植条件下复合体的粘聚力值较单一种植时的增加幅度为0.13%~42.83%。该研究成果为定量评价边坡不同种植方式下植物根系增强边坡土体抗剪强度提供了理论依据,同时为进一步探讨植物根系增强边坡土体抗剪强机理具有一定理论价值和实际意义。     

玉米品种多环境测试主成分评价模型的构建及应用

为了探讨玉米多环境试验中环境对品种的影响以及品种在不同试点的适应性,对8个品种在5个不同试点的9个性状（生育期、株高、穗位高、穗长、穗行数、秃尖长、百粒重、单穗粒重和产量）进行主成分评价模型的构建及应用研究,根据模型提取了5个主成分因子,计算相应主成分因子得分矩阵。结果表明,威丰2号在5个试点综合表现较好;除毕试1201在盘县试点表现相对较好、毕单17号在威宁试点较好外,威丰2号、W4503、胜玉2号、罗单601、金发玉201205和荷玉1201均在大方试点表现最好。8个品种在5个试点的不同效应均可由相应主成分因子及综合因子得分直观地展现出来,与传统分析方法相比,结果具有较好的一致性。该模型明确了不同试点对品种的综合效应以及相应品种在不同试点的适应性,为玉米多环境试验的综合评价提供一种新的途径。     

水稻株型相关性状的QTL分析

以南方籼型杂交稻恢复系泸恢99和北方粳型超级稻沈农265杂交衍生的重组自交系群体(recombinant inbred lines, RILs)为试验材料, 对株型性状(株高、穗长、分蘖和叶片性状)进行不同环境下的数量性状基因位点(quantitative trait locus, QTL)分析。共检测到39个相关QTL, 分布在水稻第1、第2、第3、第6、第7、第8和第9染色体上, LOD值介于2.50~16.90之间, 有11个QTL能在两年中被检测到。株型相关的QTL在染色体上成簇分布, 主要分布于第1、第6和第9染色体上, 这可能与株型性状间显著或极显著相关有关。其中, 在第9染色体上RM3700B–RM7424区间存在1个QTL簇, 含4个QTL, 即qPH9、qPL9、qFLL9和qSLL9, 这4个QTL在两年中均被检测到。此外, 进一步鉴定出5个能稳定表达的QTL, 其中, qPH8、qFLW6和qSLW6效应较大。这些信息综合反映了株型相关性状遗传的复杂性, 有助于我们更全面地了解和掌握株型性状的遗传基础。