一硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂的微生物降解

在纯培养条件下测定了分离株 YF0 5对对硫磷等一硫代磷酸酯类杀虫剂的降解作用。在接种量 (OD4 15nm)为 0.2、pH7.0、30℃条件下 ,测得 10、25、50、100、200、500 mg/L对硫磷的降解符合一级动力学特征 ,其降解速率常数分别为 0.077、0.123、0.128、0.119、0.084、0 .013,高浓度对硫磷对 YF05菌有抑制作用 ;分离株 YF05在不同温度及 pH下对对硫磷的降解作用为 40℃ >30℃ >20℃ ,pH8.0 >pH7.0 >pH6 .0。同样条件下 ,YF05对杀螟硫磷和甲基对硫磷也有较好的降解作用 ,对甲基对硫磷的降解速率常数与对硫磷相仿 ,对杀螟硫磷的降解速率常数略高于对硫磷。     

北京地区家蝇乙酰胆碱酯酶不敏感基因表现型的检测

在1998～1999年对北京地区室外家蝇种群乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)的不敏感基因表现型进行了检测。以敏感品系为标准 ,海淀区 (A)、海淀区 (B)、丰台区、朝阳区家蝇种群具有的对敌敌畏不敏感基因表现型频率分别为 11%、34%、56%和24% ;对灭多威不敏感基因表现型频率为4%、4%、8%和20 %。ACh E对敌敌畏和灭多威的不敏感基因表现型 ,北京地区家蝇可分成4种 :1)对敌敌畏和灭多威均敏感型 ;2 )对敌敌畏不敏感 ,对灭多威敏感型 ;3)对敌敌畏敏感 ,对灭多威不敏感型 ;4 )对敌敌畏和灭多威均不敏感型。目前 ,在北京地区以对敌敌畏和灭多威均敏感的 ACh E表现型为主 ,其次为第二种类型 ,第三和第四种类型的频率不高。     

6种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽3龄若虫的室内毒力测定

为筛选出防治绿盲蝽的有效药剂,指导田间施药,采用试管药膜法,测定了6种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽3龄若虫的室内毒力。结果表明:阿维菌素、氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、螺虫乙酯和高效氯氰菊酯对绿盲蝽3龄若虫的LC50值,药剂处理24 h后,分别为8.19、10.39、19.96、25.30、25.77、28.17 mg/L;药剂处理48 h后,分别为3.64、5.86、10.39、17.57、15.93、12.21 mg/L。可见,阿维菌素对绿盲蝽毒力最高,氟氯氰菊酯次之,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯和螺虫乙酯毒力较低。     

Essential oil from the leaves of Cryptomeria japonica acts as a silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) repellent and insecticide

This is the first article to report the evaluation of a natural product used as an antisilverfish agent. Silverfish (Lepisma saccharina), primitive wingless insects, feed on a variety of materials, including paper, cotton, starch, and cereals. They can be a problem in libraries and other places where books, documents, and papers are stored. In this pilot study, the essential oil from leaves of Cryptomeria japonica was investigated to test its properties as a silverfish repellent and insecticide. The results from a repellency bioassay show that the essential oil significantly repelled silverfish. The repellent activity was 80% at a dosage of 0.01 mg/cm³. When silverfish were exposed to a concentration of 0.16 mg/cm³ of essential oil, they were killed within 10h. The chemical composition of essential oil, the emissions from a test chamber, and the residue left on filter papers previously soaked with the essential oil in a chamber were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The components of the essential oil were found to be: elemol (18.22%), 16-kaurene (11.63%), 3-carene (9.66%), sabinene (9.37%), 4-terpineol (9.06%), β-eudesmol (5.70%), α-pinene (5.62%), and limonene (5.26%). Only some constituents of the essential oil compounds collected by solid-phase microextraction were found to be emitted in the test chamber. The main constituents were: 3-carene (21.03%), p-cymene (10.95%), limonene (9.49%), β-myrcene (9.39%), γ-terpinene (9.10%), α-terpinene (8.57%), and 4-terpineol (7.97%).     

Field evolution of insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) in China

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is one of the most destructive pests of rice crops in Asian countries including China, Vietnam, Thailand, etc. Evolution of resistance in this pest insect to isoprocarb, buprofezin, pymetrozine, imidacloprid and other neonicotinoid insecticides has been reported. In order to investigate the current status of resistance to commonly used insecticides, nine field populations of N. lugens were collected from Central China, East China and South China, and resistance to insecticides was monitored from 2009 to 2012. All the 9 field populations collected in 2012 had developed extremely high resistance to imidacloprid, with resistance ratios (RR) ranging from 209.3 to 616.6. Resistance to imidacloprid was much higher in 2012 than in 2009. The RR of thiamethoxam varied from 17.4 to 47.1, and the RR of nitenpyram varied from 1.4 to 3.7 in 2012. Of the 9 field populations, six populations showed higher resistance to nitenpyram in 2012 than in 2011. RR for buprofezin varied from 110.1 to 221.6 in 2012 whereas resistance was at a medium level (RR 20.4 ∼ 39.4-fold) in 2009. RR for pymetrozine ranged from 34.9 to 46.8 in 2012. As for isoprocarb, RR ranged from 21.7 to 38.1 in 2012. The obvious increase in resistance to widely applied insecticides indicates that insecticide resistance management strategies are urgently needed to prevent or delay further increase of insecticide resistance in N. lugens.     

几种杀虫剂对豆大蓟马的毒力测定及复配增效作用

豆大蓟马是海南冬种豇豆的重要害虫,严重影响豇豆产品质量和商品价值。本文采用离心管药膜法,测定了毒死蜱、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉和啶虫脒等6种杀虫剂对豆大蓟马的毒力,并测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与其它5种杀虫剂复配的增效作用及最佳配比。结果表明:供试药剂对豆大蓟马毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:甲维盐(0.000 5 g/L)阿维菌素(0.056 1 g/L)毒死蜱(0.125 3 g/L)高效氯氰菊酯(0.165 4 g/L)啶虫脒(0.228 3 g/L)吡虫啉(19.803 5 g/L);以甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱复配的共毒系数为776;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱配比为1∶9时的共毒系数为1 733。本研究为开发豆大蓟马防治药剂和田间化学防治提供了基本资料。     

Relative abundance and damage of some insect pests of wheat under different tillage practices in rice–wheat cropping in India

Tillage changes the physical and chemical properties of soil and can also inhibit or enhance useful and harmful fauna. In agriculture, different tillage technologies are being tried to enhance crop productivity, but little concrete information seems to exist on their effects on pest abundance and damage. To address this lack of information, sowing of wheat was investigated under different tillage systems. In order to monitor pest abundance and damage in altered tillage systems, the present studies on the relative abundance and damage due to insect pests viz. pink stem borer (PSB, Sesamia inferens Walker), termites (Microtermes obesi Holmgren and Odontotermes obesus Rambur) and root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis Sasaki) were undertaken in a rice–wheat cropping system during 2010–11 and 2011–12. Pest abundance and damage was monitored in four tillage systems i.e. conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT), ZT + mulch and rotary tillage (RT) under insecticide protected and unprotected conditions. The application of insecticide did not affect root aphid incidence or termite damage. However, significant differences in PSB damage in insecticide protected (0.9%) and unprotected (1.2%) conditions were observed. The investigations demonstrated that in CT, damage by PSB (0.6%) was minimum; however termite damage (2.2%) was maximum as compared to all other tillage conditions. In ZT, PSB damage (1.4%) was maximum and root aphid incidence (3.1 aphids/tiller) was minimum in comparison to other tillage conditions. ZT + mulch resulted in inter-mediate insect pest incidence/damage; however, RT was the least effective practice which showed relatively high incidence/damage of these three insects (1.2% PSB damage, 1.9% termite damage and 5.1 aphids/tiller). The insecticide × tillage interaction indicated that insecticide application is needed only in ZT and RT for PSB management.     

Sublethal effect of avermectin and acetamiprid on the mortality of different life stages of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Hispidae) and its larvae parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum Bouček (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

The beneficial parasitoid Asecodes hispinarum Bouček plays an important role in integrated pest management (IPM) of the coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro), in China. A. hispinarum females parasitize 3rd to 4th instars B. longissima larvae. Hatched parasitoid larvae develop within the host, and parasitoid adults emerge through holes that they chew through the cuticle of the host. Although chemicals serve as the main short term control agents, the compatibility of biological and chemical control has never been investigated for this system. This study examined the responses of immature and adult B. longissima and its larval parasitoid A. hispinarum to avermectin and acetamiprid. Avermectin caused complete mortality of 2nd to 4th instar larvae, and of adults of B. longissima at 10, 15 and 2 d after treatment, respectively. However, 26.7% of the 2nd instar larvae, 55.3% of the 4th instar larvae, and 74%, of adult B. longissima were still alive 40 d after acetamiprid application. Following avermectin exposure, 17.5%, 9.2% and 23% of mummified B. longissima larvae contained viable adult parasitoids for the parasitoid egg, larva and pupa treatments, respectively, and the numbers of dead parasitoids per mummy were 3.3, 7.2 and 13.3 for the egg, larva and adult treatments, respectively. However, for acetamiprid treatment, 70–75.9% of mummified B. longissima larvae contained viable adult parasitoids in all three stage treatments, and the number of dead parasitoids per mummy was 2.8, 2 and 3.4 in egg, larva and adult treatments, respectively. This study showed that a sublethal dose of avermectin is more toxic than acetamiprid to B. longissima and A. hispinarum. Therefore, direct contact of the parasitoid with avermectin should be avoided when this insecticide is used to control B. longissima.     

Effect of dihydrodillapiole on pyrethroid resistance associated esterase inhibition in an Indian population of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) has been attributed to enhanced detoxification of insecticides by increased levels of esterases, oxidases and/or glutathione S-transferases. Enzyme inhibiting insecticide synergists can be employed to counter increased levels of such enzymes in S. litura. Dihydrodillapiole induced synergism of pyrethroid toxicity was examined in the laboratory-reared third instar larval population of S. litura collected in Delhi (susceptible), and Guntur (resistant) region of Andhra Pradesh, India. The Guntur population was found to be 7.04 and 10.19 times resistant to cypermethrin and lambdacyhalothrin, respectively. The activity of cypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and profenophos against susceptible and resistance populations of S. litura, was gradually increased when used along with a plant-derived insecticide synergist dihydrodillapiole. The α-naphthyl acetate hydrolysable esterase activity in Delhi population was less as compared to the Guntur population. Resistance associated esterases in Delhi population were inhibited by pre-treatment with dihydrodillapiole. The esterase level in insect was instantly reduced initially, sustained for about 3 h and equilibrated at 4 h post treatment. The esterase activity of Guntur population was increased to 1.28 μmoles/mg/min at 2 h post treatment and subsequently reduced to lower than 0.70 μmoles at 4-12 h post treatment. The variation in esterase activity is suggestive of its homeostatic regulation in test populations. Dihydrodillapiole thus caused significant reduction of resistance in S. litura to cypermethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and profenophos.     

植物源杀虫剂对夜蛾科害虫的作用研究进展

针对滥用化学农药造成的污染和残留问题,阐明了植物源杀虫剂研究开发的必要性和广阔前景,并主要介绍了研究较多的三个科杀虫植物杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、作用机理及对夜蛾科害虫作用研究的进展.