多物种共存系统中蜘蛛对菜田害虫的控制作用

运用二次通用旋转组合设计统计方法,研究菜田生态系统中天敌优势种蜘蛛星豹蛛(X1)、草间黑蛛(X2)及主要害虫菜蚜(X3)、小菜蛾(X4)组成的多物种共存系统,探讨蜘蛛对菜田主要害虫的控制作用,分析天敌之间、害虫之间及天敌和害虫之间的相互作用关系,获得4个天敌对害虫的捕食量模型。对模型进行主效分析表明,害虫密度的大小对天敌的总捕食量影响较大,其中又以菜蚜密度对天敌的总捕食量的影响较大。天敌中对捕食量作用最大的是星豹蛛,其次是小狼逍遥蛛。分析天敌间的交互作用表明,2种天敌蜘蛛的种间和星豹蛛的种内干扰较大,主要原因是生态位重叠较大,种间、种内残杀较严重。而小狼逍遥蛛种内的干扰却不是很明显。最后讨论了天敌蜘蛛能有效控制害虫的最大密度,以及在该害虫密度下各种天敌密度的最佳组合。     

澳洲坚果品种‘HAES951’为母本的杂交试验

以澳洲坚果品种‘HAES951’为母本,采用9个品种的花粉授粉,获得9个全同胞家系苗木。观测各组合的坐果率、种子横径和杂交F1代苗木的株高、地径及冠幅。结果表明:组合间的坐果率和种子横径均达极显著差异(P0.01);家系内株高、地径、冠幅的变异系数范围在13.67%~30.25%,平均为20.81%。9个全同胞家系间苗木的株高、地径差异不显著,冠幅达显著差异(P0.05)。     

Plant biotechnology: A case study ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its application to the future of genetic engineered trees

Agricultural productivity may be raised in a sustainable way by many different technologies such as biological fertilizers, soil and water conservation, biodiversity conservation, improved pest control, and changes in land ownership and distribution. Of these measures, biotechnology applications probably hold the most promise in augmenting conventional agricultural productivity, because biotechnology applications give not only the need to increase production, but also protect the environment and conserving natural resources for future generations. Biotechnology applications will have the possibilities to increase productivity and food availability through better agronomic performance of new varieties, including resistance to pests; rapid multiplication of disease-free plants; ability to obtain natural plant products using tissue culture; diagnosis of diseases of plants and livestock; manipulation of reproduction methods increasing the efficiency of breeding; and the provision of incentives for greater participation by the private sector through investments. Insect resistance through the transfer of a gene for resistance fromBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most advanced biotechnology applications already being commercialized in many parts of the world. This paper reviews the development and the status ofBt technology and application ofBt transgenic plants in current agriculture, and discusses specific issues related to the transfer of the technology to the future of genetic engineered trees with emphasis on conifers. Biography: Tang Wei (1964-), male, Ph. Doctor, Research associate, Department of Biology, Howell Science Complex, East Carelina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, USA. Responsible editor: Chal Ruihai     

Pollination, Fertilization and Seed Development in Inbred Lines and F1 Hybrids of Spring Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

When the flowers are not disturbed, the yield of F₁ hybrids of faba beans normally exceeds that in their inbred parents. The basis of this “heterotic autofertility” was investigated by examining flowers for pollination and fertilization throughout the flowering season and assessing the distribution of seeds and pods on mature plants. Six inbred lines and seven of their F₁ hybrids were grown without protection from bee visitation, and their autofertility was estimated’ by comparing their fertilization with that of cytoplasmic male-sterile line. The first direct evidence was obtained that heterotic autofertility acts by increasing; the proportion of flowers which were pollinated and fertilized. The autofertility was not perfect, especially in a closed-flower hybrid, as many ovules remained unfertilized. Several factors contributed to the number of seeds per pod in F₁ hybrids, being superior to parental means: (1) more ovules per flower, (2) greater fertilization of the basal ovules, (3) reduced abortion of the apical ovules and (4) greater overall maturation ovules.     

Breaking the crossability barriers between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid S. tuberosum

Summary A combination of compatible second pollinations and embryo rescue was applied for systematic production of true tetraploid hybrids from crosses between disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule and tetrasomic tetraploid potato, S. tuberosum. Several genotypes of tetraploid potatoes were pollinated with S. acaule, and the compatible second pollinations were made on the following day, with a genotype of S. phureja, IvP 35 to promote fruit development. Embryo rescue was carried out in 21 families, 14 to 27 days after the first pollination. A total of eight plants were obtained from the embryo rescue and their chromosome numbers were counted in the root tips. Three of the eight plants were identified as tetraploid, and five others as diploid. Morphology, isozyme banding patterns, and pollen stainability, as well as potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) resistance, indicated the hybrid nature of the three plants. This is the first report of successful tetraploid hybrid production between disomic tetraploid S. acaule (4x) and tetrasomic tetraploid potatoes. Seed set from the crosses between one of hybrids and diploid potatoes indicated workable levels of both male and female fertility for introgression of valuable genes from S. acaule into the cultivated potato gene pool. The methodology used may be applied to other disomic tetraploid tuber-bearing Solanum species and with some modifications also to distantly related solanaceous species and genera.     

园林植物病虫害系统控制的几点思考

分析了园林植物病虫害系统控制的重要性,针对园林病虫害系统控制的特殊性,从园林健康方面,提出了园林植物病虫害系统控制需注意的几个主要问题:园林工作者要具有园林健康意识,注重园林植物病虫害系统控制的科学性和前瞻性;建立本地区的园林植物病虫害和天敌以及小环境的系统网络体系,重视园林植物病虫害系统控制的目标化;乡土树种的合理利用和优质苗木的选育;进一步探索园林健康及病虫害系统控制的论证。     

锈色粒肩天牛与寄主树种关系的初步研究

在连续 3a的定位观测和分析基础上 ,本文初步报道了锈色粒肩天牛与文献报道中的几种寄主树种之间的关系。结果如下 :(1)根据室内饲养下成虫对不同树种的取食及产卵情况和在不同树种上接种 (卵 )的幼虫情况 ,可将几种寄主树种分为 4类 :高感树种 (国槐 )、低感树种 (云实、黄檀 )、抗虫树种 (刺槐 )、免疫树种 (旱柳 ) ;(2 )酚酸类物质在旱柳中的含量 (3 0 3～ 9 73mg·(10 0g) - 1 ) ,显著高于其它树种中的含量 (1 71～5 39mg·(10 0g) - 1 ) ,可能是锈色粒肩天牛在旱柳上表现拒食、拒产卵、拒钻蛀的重要原因。氨基酸含量较高、组分相对最全 (17种 ) ,以及较高的C N值 ,是国槐基本营养物质的显著特征 ,这可能是锈色粒肩天牛嗜食国槐 ,对其造成严重危害的根本原因。锈色粒肩天牛很少取食危害刺槐 ,这与刺槐树种的各部分C N值过低 ,造成营养失调有关。黄檀木材纤维平均长度为 0 837mm ,平均宽度为 18 90 μm ,长宽比为 5 0 96 ,其韧性是参试树种中最大的 ,因而可能造成幼虫啃食困难 ,加上木材中的C N低 (0 36 ) ,因此 ,具有较强的抗虫性。云实树皮薄而光滑 ,造成成虫产卵困难 ,因此 ,在自然状态下 ,锈色粒肩天牛不易对其产生危害。     

百山祖冷杉异砧嫁接试验初报

百山祖冷杉天然更新困难，为解决这种冷杉的繁殖更新问题，采用以日本冷杉为砧木的异砧嫁接试验，初获成功。     

不同发育期及授粉方式对设施甜瓜中稳定同位素比值变化的影响研究

为探究不同发育期及授粉方式对设施甜瓜稳定同位素比值变化的影响,本研究基于元素分析——稳定同位素比率质谱(EA-IRMS),测定在不同发育期和授粉方式中设施甜瓜的4种稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ¹⁸O和δ²H),采用单因素方差分析法解析激素授粉和中华蜜蜂授粉对甜瓜稳定同位素比值的差异性。结果表明,在相同的种植和环境条件下,自然分馏效应导致设施甜瓜在不同发育时期的同位素差异。在甜瓜发育期间,不同授粉方式设施甜瓜的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N和δ¹⁸O值较稳定,无显著差异(P>0.05),而在发育30 d时激素授粉与蜜蜂授粉甜瓜的δ²H值分别为-43.63‰和-53.50‰,存在显著差异(P<0.05)。本研究初步揭示了稳定同位素在甜瓜发育过程中以及不同授粉方式下的分馏情况,其中δ²H值可作为甜瓜授粉方式的一项标识性指标,对丰富设施甜瓜溯源体系具有重要意义。     

新疆野苹果传粉生物学的初步研究

对野生苹果在新疆伊犁地区的开花物候、花粉活力、柱头可授性、繁育系统和访花昆虫及访花行为进行了观察.结果表明:在整个开花过程中,从花序出现到花朵凋谢,历时较长,可达30 d以上;不同海拔,开花期相差4～14 d;一个居群的花期达30 d左右;通过对花粉活力的测定结果分析表明,花粉的活力较高,花粉平均活力达64%;用两种方法测定柱头可授性所得的结果具有一定的差距,但差异不显著;在整个花期中,昆虫的访花行为与天气密切相关.