膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移简化模型

滴灌农田土壤盐分积累是关系到这一方式是否可持续的重要问题,数值模拟是研究这一问题的重要手段,然而目前缺乏针对这一问题的可用模型。该文构建了一个滴灌土壤水盐运移简化模型,通过将膜下滴灌土体划分为若干单元格,通过滴灌入渗饱和湿润体形成、毛管扩散运移2个过程实现滴灌土壤水盐运移模拟,该模型包含有降水再分配、根系吸水、土壤蒸发等水文过程。于2010年在新疆石河子大学灌溉试验站微咸水滴灌试验,对构建的模型进行校正和验证,结果显示,该模型较好地模拟了膜下滴灌土壤水分与盐分运移过程以及土壤盐分积累特征,研究结果可为膜下滴灌条件下棉田土壤盐分积累及其影响因子研究提供基础。     

微波消化-等离子体发射光谱仪法分析稻米中无机元素的研究

 利用微波消化、电感耦台等离子体光谱法(ICP-AES)对稻米中20种无机元素进行了同步定量测定．微波消化与常规湿消化法相比较，结果无显著差异。20种元素的平均检出限为0.0426 μg/g，回收率在85～104%之间，变异系数平均为1.62%；与NBS等标准曲进行了对比，显示出准确度、精密度、灵敏度均较理想。分析测定了51个优质米，结果表明符合质控要求。本方法消化样品快速，完全，污染少，仪器测定灵敏度高、重演性好。适合于稻米及其它生物、环境样品中无机元素含量的检测。     

基于土壤水盐阈值的河套灌区玉米灌水制度

在引黄水量大幅减少且大范围实施节水工程的条件下,为使农田水土环境仍能保持良性健康发展,该文以内蒙古河套灌区隆胜试验区为研究对象,开展引黄灌区玉米生育期适宜灌水决策模拟研究。在田间试验的基础上,对土壤含水率和土壤含盐量的观测数据进行了统计分析,土壤含水率与含盐量观测值均呈中度变异性。利用克里格插值方法按土壤表层盐分空间变异将研究区分为南北2个区,分别在2个区域内建立了土壤水盐数值模型SWAP,分别对2个区域的土壤水盐模型进行了率定与检验。根据相关研究结果和研究区多年实测值综合得到不同生育期的农田生态安全阈值,即土壤含水率的适宜值与作物耐盐阈值(以土壤含盐量阈值表示)。以土壤含水率与土壤含盐量阈值为限制因子,以节水控盐为目的,利用率定与检验后的SWAP模型模拟了不同灌水量条件下玉米不同生育阶段的土壤含水率、含盐量变化,预测了不同水文年满足玉米生长的土壤水盐安全阈值的用水方案,从精细微观的角度提出相应水文年农田水土环境安全用水范围值。基于SWAP模型的决策结果:枯水年(降雨量90 mm)安全用水量为263~311 mm;平水年(降雨量140 mm)198~227 mm;丰水年(降雨量200 mm)106~138 mm;各水文年的用水量较基准年(枯水年)的节水指数分别为:0.01~0.17、0.04~0.16和0.06~0.27。成果可为当地及相近地区农田水土环境可持续发展提供科学依据,对于河套灌区农业生产和水资源的开发利用具有重要的意义。     

基于模糊神经算法的区域地下水盐分动态预测

为探讨前馈型人工神经网络BP-ANN(back propagation artificial neural network)和模糊神经NF(neuro-fuzzy)2种神经网络算法在区域地下水盐分动态预测中的应用过程与效果,首先通过经典统计分析确定区域地下水盐分动态的主要驱动因子以及可用的模型输入因子组合,采用"试错法"确定神经网络模型的最优结构,进而开展地下水盐分中长期动态的有效模拟预测。结果表明,在长江河口寅阳和大兴地区以降水动态为单输入的NF(5-gbellmf-160)和以降水与内河水盐分动态为双输入的NF(4-gaussmf-100)为最优预测模型。研究表明神经网络模型对地下水盐分动态的预测精度优于常规线性模型,其中,NF、BP-ANN、线性模型在寅阳测点的预测相关系数分别为0.565、0.445、0.261,在大兴测点的预测相关系数分别为0.886、0.784、0.543。与BP-ANN、线性模型相比,基于模糊神经算法的NF模型具有更好的误差纠错和仿真能力,在寅阳和大兴测点的预测误差分别降低了30%以上和50%以上。相关研究结果在区域水盐动态科学预警研究领域有较好地应用前景。     

咸水非充分灌溉条件下土壤水盐运动SWAP模型模拟

为了研究咸水非充分灌溉条件下土壤水盐动态变化规律,该文在2013年田间试验的基础上,利用试验观测数据,对SWAP模型进行了率定和验证,并对咸水非充分灌溉条件下土壤剖面水分和盐分通量变化过程进行了模拟和分析。研究结果表明:SWAP模型模拟值较好地反映了实测值的变化趋势,经过率定和验证后的SWAP模型能够较好地模拟土壤水盐的动态变化规律以及制种玉米的产量情况。在制种玉米苗期阶段,3种灌水处理40 cm以上土壤剖面的水分通量主要以向上为主;在灌水和降雨阶段,各处理土壤剖面的水分通量主要向下,且灌水量越大的处理,向下的水分通量越大;在土壤蒸发阶段,各处理60 cm以下土壤剖面的水分通量向下,且向下的水分通量逐渐减小。土壤盐分通量模拟结果与土壤水分通量具有类似的规律,60 cm以下土壤剖面的盐分通量主要向下,表明土壤盐分主要向深层土壤运移。研究结果可为该研究区域咸水非充分灌溉制度的制定提供理论依据。     

羊草对盐碱胁迫的生理生化响应特征

研究羊草对盐碱胁迫生理响应特征,旨在找出羊草耐盐碱范围及其对盐碱地改良的应用潜力。通过模拟5组不同盐碱梯度土壤胁迫试验(p H值为7.61、8.05、8.33、8.73、9.37,电导率为0.109、0.301、0.437、0.486、0.591 m S/cm),研究了羊草体内离子含量和运输能力、有机小分子渗透调节和保护酶活性变化。结果表明,盐碱胁迫由低到高,超氧化物歧化酶和甜菜碱在中度盐碱胁迫(p H值8.33,电导率0.437 m S/cm)积累最多,其他测定的耐盐碱物质,钠离子、脯氨酸、丙二醛、有机酸(草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸)、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白均呈直线增加。在盐碱胁迫条件下,羊草叶片中积累的钾离子、甜菜碱、有机酸、可溶性蛋白高于根茎,而脯氨酸、丙二醛、保护酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶)、可溶性总糖叶片中含量低于根茎。根茎大量积累保护酶、脯氨酸及丙二醛有助于防止盐碱环境下根茎中膜过氧化,并保持根茎正常的渗透调节能力,从而有利于将K+等养分运送到叶片。在盐碱胁迫下,羊草叶片主要积累甜菜碱和有机酸进行渗透调节。该试验结果表明,羊草根茎和叶片在不同盐碱胁迫条件下各耐盐碱生理指标均产生一系列适应性反应,使其在盐碱环境正常生长,进而降低土壤盐碱性。该研究可为耐盐碱饲草选育及根茎型禾草改良盐碱化草地提供理论和实践依据。     

Dynamic evolution of badlands in the Roglio basin (Tuscany,Italy)

The Roglio basin, in the relatively arid Central Tuscany (Italy), is characterised by the presence of 191 badlands that have developed on Pliocene fine-grained blue clays. A morphometric analysis on the badlands has highlighted that these landforms formation and distribution are primarily related to the steepness of the hill flanks, which favour runoff and gravitational processes, along with favourable aspects, typically the southern ones that experience a stronger solar-induced daily thermal variation. A detailed physico–chemical analysis of the clayey material involved has also been carried out, with the specific aim of testing whether this plays a role in the various stages of activity shown by the Roglio basin badlands. The results indicate that there are no significant differences in the physico–chemical properties of an active vs. an inactive/dormant badland. Observation and field data, however, indicate that the dynamic of the Roglio basin badlands is strongly controlled by the occurrence of earth flows and the velocity of sediment removal at the bottom of the badlands. These two processes, variously combined at different intensity in relationship to many local factors, are likely to be the main responsible for the different stages of activity shown by the Roglio basin badlands.     

天津滨海盐碱土灌排改良工程技术参数估算方法

为了控制盐碱土灌排改良质量、节约水土资源和降低改良成本,必须合理规划设计灌排改良工程技术参数。该文系统分析盐碱土灌溉冲洗与排水改良,把暗管排水条件下盐碱土冲洗改良水分运动视为二维稳定流,根据水盐运移特征,运用Vedernikov入渗方程、Van der Molen淋洗方程、水量平衡方程等推求盐碱土灌排工程改良暗管间距、淋洗定额等技术参数,提出了适应滨海新区自然环境的灌排改良工程技术参数估算方法,并通过算例进行了演算;计算值与当前滨海新区盐碱土灌排工程改良采用的经验数据比较接近。研究结果为天津滨海新区盐碱土生态治理规划提供了参考依据。     

Calcium salts of fatty acids with varying fatty acid profiles in diets of feedlot-finished Bos indicus bulls: impacts on intake,digestibility, performance,and carcass and meat characteristics

We hypothesized that the inclusion of calcium salts of fatty acid (CSFA) into the diets and the fatty acid (FA) profile of the supplements would impact performance and meat characteristics of Bos indicus bulls. Hence, the objective was to evaluate the effects of CSFA profiles on intake, body weight (BW), carcass, and meat characteristics of feedlot-finished B indicus bulls. Fifty-three Nellore bulls [initial BW 315 ± 5.9 kg and 20 ± 2 mo] were used. At the beginning, 6 bulls were randomly chosen and slaughtered for determination of their BW composition, and the remaining 47 bulls were evaluated during a 140-d experimental period. The bulls were placed in individual pens, blocked according to initial BW and randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 following treatments: (1) control diet containing sugarcane bagasse, ground corn, citrus pulp, peanut meal, and mineral–vitamin mix (CON), (2) CON with the addition of 3.3% of CSFA from soybean oil (CSO), or (3) CON with the addition of a mixture of 3.3% of CSFA from palm, soybean, and cottonseed oils (CPSCO). Diets were offered ad libitum and formulated to be isonitrogenous. Bulls supplemented with CSFA had a greater (P < 0.01) final BW, dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), and FA intake vs. CON. Among carcass parameters, CSFA-supplemented bulls had greater (P < 0.01) carcass ether extract concentration vs. CON bulls. When the CSFA profile was evaluated (CSO vs. CPSCO), CPSCO bulls had a better (P ≤ 0.03) FE, carcass ADG, and hot carcass weight (HCW) vs. CSO bulls. The FA intakes differed among CSFA treatments, as the total saturated, palmitic, and oleic FA intakes were greater for CPSCO (P < 0.01), whereas lower intakes of total unsaturated and polyunsaturated FA (P < 0.01) were observed for CPSCO vs. CSO. Samples from the Longissimus muscle contained greater palmitoleic (P = 0.01) and reduced linoleic (P = 0.02) FA concentrations in CSFA-supplemented bulls vs. CON bulls. In agreement with the FA intakes, CPSCO-supplemented bulls had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) unsaturated FA concentration vs. CSO in Longissimus muscle. In summary, CSFA supplementation improved the performance of finishing B. indicus bulls vs. CON. Moreover, the inclusion of CSFA from palm, soybean, and cottonseed oil benefited the FE, carcass ADG, and HCW compared with the inclusion of CSFA from soybean oil, demonstrating the potential of specific FA for improving the performance and meat quality of B. indicus bulls.     

论常用肥料类型与绿色食品的生产

详细阐述了常用的肥料类型,有机肥料、无机肥料和有机无机复合肥料的特点与绿色食品生产之间的关系。尤其是创新地把有机肥分为传统有机肥和现代有机肥两大类,并加以分类说明,明确尿素是一种合成有机肥。生产绿色食品必须在产地空气、水质和土壤环境达标的基础上,以优质无害的有机肥料、无机肥料相结合才能生产出相应的绿色食品,同时可使土壤的保肥、供肥能力和自净能力等得到相应提高。