Fertilizer management impacts on stand establishment, disease, and yield of Irish potato

Summary Excessive fertilizer application in North Carolina, USA results in high residual soil levels of P, K and total soluble salts in potato fields. Our objectives were to determine the salt sensitivity of three common cultivars (Atlantic. Snowden and Superior), and the effects of planting density and fertilization on stand establishment, soilborne disease, and yield. Greenhouse results suggest that potato growth and emergence, but not shoot initation, are reduced by high salinity. On a Portsmouth fine sandy loam, high fertilizer rates did not reduce stands of cv. Atlantic in the field in 1996 or 1997. Excess N resulted in moreRhizoctonia stem canker in 1996, and lower yields at the lower planting density in 1997. Yield compensation for reduced plant density occurred in 1997 at the lower N rates (56 and 112 kg N ha⁻¹) and at the high PK rate (49 kg P and 139 kg K ha⁻¹).     

多菌灵有机酸盐防治柑橘贮藏期病害的初步研究

以多菌灵可湿粉为对照,试验了多菌灵柠檬酸盐、酒石酸盐和草酸盐对柑橘贮藏期病害的毒力和药效。多菌灵草酸盐效果最好,对柑橘蒂腐病菌的毒力是多菌灵的２．９４倍,用含有效成分９００ｍｇ／ｋｇ的药液浸泡处理的柑橘,常温贮藏３０￣８０ｄ,药效均达８０％以上。     

冬小麦地上部器官氮磷钾的积累分配和运转的研究

对潮土肥力定位试验地有关施肥处理采样测定 ,结果表明 ,有机、无机肥配合可提高冬小麦吸收N、P、K数量和延续吸收时间到灌浆期 (乳熟中期 ) .扬花期是吸收P、K高峰期 ,之后茎秆叶鞘中K开始向其他器官转移或被再利用 ,灌浆期至成熟期有、无机肥配施及N、P、K处理茎秆叶中K显著减少 1 / 3到1 / 2 .生产实践中重施底肥 ,提倡拔节追施N肥和后期根外追肥是行之有效的措施     

不同含水率高易溶盐含量的伊犁黄土流变特性

流变学研究方法可以揭示黏弹性物质的流动和变形规律,常被应用于土体结构的力学稳定性及长期变形参数研究。为了深入探究伊犁黄土类土的黏弹性和结构稳定性,该研究采用流变仪对不同含水率和易溶盐（Na2SO4）含量的伊犁黄土类土进行了稳态和动态流变试验,引入Bingham模型对小剪切速率下的流变曲线进行了拟合,并分析解释了稳态和动态流变试验的演化过程。同时,讨论了含水率及易溶盐含量对稳态和动态流变参数的影响规律,定量分析了流变参数与各变量之间的关系。结果表明：稳态剪切过程中土体由固态向类固态转化,并最后趋于流态,具有剪切变稀行为;随着含水率及易溶盐含量增大,屈服应力和黏度均减小,且屈服应力在300~1 100 Pa之间。随着含水率和易溶盐含量增大,动剪切强度参数和黏弹性参数均线性减小,土体的结构稳定性降低。当剪切应变小于0.1%时,土体处于线性黏弹区,损耗因子变化不大;剪切应变大于0.1%时,损耗因子逐渐增大。高含水率及高易溶盐含量的土壤最先到达屈服点,说明高含水率和高易溶盐含量不利于土体结构的稳定性。随着含水率的增大,易溶盐含量对流变参数的影响程度变小。研究定性和定量地表征了伊犁黄土类土的流变特性,为深入认识黄土类土的黏弹性特性提供参考。     

基于SHAW模型的南疆典型灌区适宜盐分淋洗定额空间分布

明晰西北旱区休闲期土壤盐分淋洗定额的空间分布特征,对于水资源有效利用、土壤盐渍化防控具有重要意义。受制于土壤盐分、土壤质地的空间变异性,在某一点尺度获得的盐分淋洗定额难以全面反映区域的情况。该研究以南疆阿拉尔灌区为例,采用统计学和空间插值相结合的方法,确定灌区土壤盐分、土壤质地的空间分布特征,并通过划分模拟单元,建立基于SHAW（the simultaneous heat and water）模型的灌区尺度分布式模型,得到了不同灌水模式下适宜的盐分淋洗定额空间分布特征。结果表明：阿拉尔灌区土壤盐分呈现出\     

不同品种橡胶籽中氨基酸及无机元素定性和定量分析

橡胶籽是大戟科乔木植物-三叶橡胶的有性繁殖器官,它是褐色并带有银灰色斑纹的椭圆形种子。橡胶籽作为橡胶树的副产物在很长一段时间里只是少量被用来育种其余的均没有被开发利用。橡胶籽仁是一种含油量很高的油料作物,并且粗蛋白含量丰富,含有赖氨酸、组氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸等必须氨基酸。橡胶籽主要由棕榈酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、油酸和硬脂酸等成分组成,富含不饱和脂肪酸,营养丰富,具有很高的利用价值。本篇文章将利用ICP-MS等设备对不同品种的橡胶籽中的氨基酸和无机元素进行定性和定量分析,比较不同橡胶籽的氨基酸和无机元素种类与含量差异,并为下一步的研究及橡胶籽产品开发提供理论依据。     

不同含盐土壤圆盘入渗特征试验

不同含盐土壤水分入渗特征是获得准确的土壤水力参数的基础。该文通过圆盘入渗试验,分析了4种土壤在5个（-1、-3、-6、-9和-12 cm）负水头下的入渗特征。结果表明,随着水头的减小,4种土壤的吸湿率线性减小,稳定入渗率和非饱和导水率呈不同程度减小。随土壤含盐量增加稳定入渗率和导水率呈增大规律。根据实测资料确定了不同负水头下非饱和导水率的Gardner指数模型参数,为盐渍化土壤水力参数的确定提供理论参考。     

基于变量优选与机器学习的干旱区湿地土壤盐渍化数字制图

土壤盐渍化是导致土壤退化和生态系统恶化的主要原因之一,对干旱区的可持续发展构成主要威胁。为了尽可能精确地监测土壤盐渍化的空间变异性,该研究收集新疆艾比湖湿地78个典型样点,其中选取54个样本作为训练集,24个样本作为独立验证集。基于Sientinel-2多光谱传感器(Multi-Spectral Instrument,MSI)、数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)数据提取3类指数(红边光谱指数、植被指数和地形指数),经过极端梯度提升(Extreme Gradient Boosting,XGBoost)算法筛选有效特征变量,构建了关于土壤电导率(Electrical Conductivity,EC)的随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、极限学习机(Extra Learning Machine,ELM)和偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLSR)预测模型,并选择最优模型绘制了艾比湖湿地盐渍化分布图。结果表明:优选的红边光谱指数基本能够预测EC的空间变化;红边光谱指数与植被指数组合建模效果总体上优于...     

Fate of Chinese-fir litter during decomposition as a result of inorganic N additions

We conducted a controlled experiment to evaluate Chinese-fir litter decomposition and its response to the addition of inorganic N. Litter-derived CO₂, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were monitored during an 87-d incubation of a mixed soil–litter substrate using the ¹³C tracer technique. Litter C was mostly converted to CO₂ (47.4% of original mass), followed by MBC (3.6%), and DOC (1.0%), with 48% remaining unaltered in the soil. The litter decomposition rate significantly increased with the addition of inorganic N, although the effect depended on whether N was added as NH₄⁺ or NO₃⁻. Soil-derived CO₂, MBC, and DOC also increased following the combined addition of litter and N. The results showed that only a small percentage of litter C was retained as MBC or DOC and that the conversion rate depended, in part, on the form of inorganic N added to the Chinese-fir plantation soil.     

Effects of maternal protein supplementation and inclusion of rumen‐protected fat in the finishing diet on nutrient digestibility and expression of intestinal genes in Nellore steers

The study aimed to evaluate nutrient digestibility and intestine gene expression in the progeny from cows supplemented during gestation and fed diets with or without rumen‐protected fat (RPF) in the feedlot. Forty‐eight Nellore steers, averaging 340 kg, were housed in individual pens and allotted in a completely randomized design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (dams nutrition × RPF). Cows' supplementation started after 124 ± 21 days of gestation. The feedlot lasted 135 days and diets had the inclusion of zero or 6% of RPF. Digestibility was evaluated by total feces collection. Steers were slaughtered using the concussion technique and samples of pancreas and small intestine were collected immediately after the slaughter to analyze α‐amylase activity, and the expression of SLC5A1, CD36, and CCK and villi morphometry. Feeding RPF increased nutrients digestibility (p < 0.01). There was no effect of maternal nutrition on digestibility and α‐amylase activity in steers (p > 0.05). Duodenal expression of SLC5A1, CD36, and CCK increased in the progeny from restricted cows. In conclusion, protein restriction during mid to late gestation of dams has long‐term effects on small‐intestine length and on expression of membrane transporters genes in the duodenum of the progeny. However, maternal nutrition does not affect digestibility in the feedlot.