用薯莨提取液对真丝织物染色增重的最佳工艺及金属离子后处理的改性效果

采用天然染料改善真丝性能有利于环保和人体健康。研究了以天然薯莨提取液为染料,应用汽蒸染色方法对真丝织物进行染色增重的最佳工艺,比较了分别用Fe3+、Cu2+、Cr6+3种金属离子进行后处理的改性效果。薯莨提取液对真丝增重的最佳工艺是:汽蒸温度110℃、湿度85%,汽蒸8次,汽蒸时间4 min,带液率180%、含固量6.28%。用Fe3+、Cu2+、Cr6+金属离子后处理的最佳质量浓度分别为12、10、10 g/L。Fe3+、Cr6+后处理的真丝织物其增重率随离子浓度的增加逐渐增大,而Cu2+后处理的真丝织物增重率在离子浓度上升到一定程度后有所降低。用Fe3+后处理的真丝织物颜色最深,呈红黑色;用Cu2+后处理的真丝织物颜色偏深,色相在红黄之间;用Cr6+后处理的真丝织物偏暗黄色。3种金属离子用于染色真丝织物的后处理,均在一定程度上提高了薯莨提取液染色增重真丝的色牢度和拒水性能,能明显提高真丝织物的紫外屏蔽性能,其中经Cr6+后处理的真丝织物拒水性能和紫外屏蔽性能最为显著。     

Population dynamics of earthworm communities in corn agroecosystems receiving organic or inorganic fertilizer amendments

 The dynamics of earthworm populations were investigated in continuously-cropped, conventional disk-tilled corn agroecosystems which had received annual long-term (6 years) amendments of either manure or inorganic fertilizer. Earthworm populations were sampled at approximately monthly intervals during the autumn of 1994 and spring and autumn of 1995 and 1996. The dominant earthworm species were Lumbricus terrestris L. and Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen), which comprised 50–60% and 8–13%, respectively, of the total annual earthworm biomass. Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) and Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugés) were much less abundant and contributed a small fraction of total earthworm biomass. Earthworm numbers and biomass were significantly greater in manure-amended plots compared to inorganic fertilizer-treated plots during the majority of the study period. Seasonal fluctuations in earthworm numbers and biomass were attributed to changes in soil temperature and moisture, and cultivation. Unfavorable climatic conditions in the summer and autumn of 1995 caused earthworm abundance and biomass to decline significantly. Mature L. terrestris, L. rubellus and A. tuberculata were most abundant in May and June of 1995 and 1996, and cocoon production was greatest in June and July 1995 and June 1996. Recruitment of juveniles of Lumbricus spp. and Aporrectodea spp. into earthworm communities occurred primarily in the autumn. Long-term amendments of manure or inorganic fertilizer did not change the species composition of earthworm communities in these agroecosystems. The earthworm populations in both manure and inorganic fertilizer plots have declined significantly after 5 years of continuously-cropped corn. Received: 24 August 1997     

灵芝菌丝体转化无机锗为有机锗的研究

用加入无机锗(GeO_2)的固体和液体培养基培养灵芝菌丝体,可把部分无机锗转化为有机锗。结果表明,用2N NaOH提取锗,提取率较高,从固体菌丝体培养物和液体菌丝体中提取的锗含量随加入无机钻(GeO_2)量的增加而提高。     

金属离子对糖化酶舌活性的影响

研究了六种金属离子对糖化酶活性的影响,结果表明不同的金属离子对糖化酶活性有不同程 度的影响,除Ｍｇ２＋有激活作用外,其他五种离子都有抑制作用。此外,还采用通用旋转组合回归设计方 法,探讨了Ｃｕ(２＋),Ｚｎ(２＋),Ｍｎ(２＋)抑制糖化酶活性的交互作用。     

盐胁迫下树木的K+和Na+含量变化特点及其耐盐性

通过几种主要造林树种在盐胁迫下体内Na+和K+含量变化的分析,对树木耐盐性及其机理进行了讨论.结果表明:不同树种的Na+和K+含量及在盐胁迫下的变化动态存在明显差异,说明其耐盐机制不同,树木的Na+和K+的质量比值,随NaCl的质量浓度的增加而上升、其上升幅度在耐盐性强的白榆中较小;在盐胁迫下,适当地增加Ca2+,可维持树木体内较低的Na+和K+的质量比,从而提高树木耐盐性.     

菌肥与腐熟秸秆对盐碱地燕麦渗透生理特性及产量的影响

为明确菌肥和腐熟秸秆对盐碱地燕麦渗透生理及产量的调节作用,以燕麦品种白燕2号和草莜1号为材料,分析了菌肥(F)、腐熟秸秆(S)及二者配施(FS)对燕麦不同生育时期植株K⁺、Na⁺、可溶性糖、有机酸含量及株高和产量的影响。结果表明,苗期和拔节期燕麦各器官K⁺和Na⁺积累量较高,且茎和叶的K⁺、Na⁺积累量均明显高于根部。与空白对照(CK)相比,S和FS处理均显著提高各时期燕麦根、茎、叶K⁺含量,显著降低Na⁺含量。F、S和FS处理对各时期两个燕麦品种植株可溶性糖含量也有显著影响。F处理显著增加了抽穗期和灌浆期两个品种植株总有机酸含量,尤其是草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸比例提高;S和FS处理下抽穗期燕麦植株总有机酸含量在第一年较CK显著提高,而第二年显著降低,主要是由草酸变化引起。F、S及FS处理在第二年均显著提高两个品种的籽粒、鲜草和干草产量,其中FS处理的增产效果最好。这说明腐熟秸秆配施菌肥有助于增强盐碱地燕麦植株的渗透调...     

Ammonia dynamics in relation to hatching in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)

Total ammonia content (T_Amm) and excretion (J_Amm), and ionic content (K⁺, Na⁺, Cl_-) have been studied in embryos and yolk-sac larvae of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) maintained in darkness (6 °C and 34% S) or in light (light-arrested, nonon-hatching embryos). The T_Amm of the eggs increased from 250-300 nmol ind^-1 during the first 5-10 days post fertilization (dPF) to 400-500 nmol ind^-1 at the time of natural hatching in darkness. T_Amm did not start to decrease before 2-5 days after hatch, and yolk-sac larvae had a higher T_Amm compared to the light-arrested embryos of the same age and batch. J_Amm increased exponentially rom about 0.05 nmol ind^-1 h^-1 at 10 dPF to about 3 nmol ind^-1 h^-1 at hatch. Embryos undergoing hatching showed a significantly higher J_Amm than non-hatching, light-arrested embryos of the same age. The content of K+ in distilled water rinsed eggs declined from about 0.85 µmol ind^-1 at 2-4 dPF to about 0.15 µmol ind^-1 at hatch, while that of Cl^- remained constant at about t 0.85 µmol in^-1, and that of Na⁺ increased slowly from 0.10 to 0.20 µmol ind^-1 . Based on the measured ions, there was an anionic deficit in the egg, especially during the first week of development. When exposed to increased ambient total ammonia (0-27 mM NH4Cl), no mortality occurred, and no significant increase was found in the T_Amm of the Atlantic halibut egg before 9.2 dPF despite an estimated large inward diffusion gradient for the un-ionized ammonia species (NH₃). The delayed release of T_Amm comp ared to embryos and yolk-sac larvae of other marine teleosts, may relate to the deep-water spawning of the Atlantic halibut, and the buoyancy regulation of the yolk-sac larvae.     

Differences in Major Ions Composition of Artificial Seawater from Aquarium Tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium

Concentrations of major seawater ions were monitored in six aquarium tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium over a three-year period. The ratios of these ions to chlorinity were compared to those in freshly prepared artificial seawater. The largest aquarium tank (Ocean Tank) exhibits statistically significant (p<0.01) relative enrichment of potassium, calcium and strontium, and relative depletion of magnesium and sulphate. The likely source of excess potassium is from potassium iodide added to prevent goiter in sharks. Based on the excess potassium, a total amount of 650 μmol/kg iodide added over the years was calculated for the Ocean Tank. The excess calcium observed in several tanks correlates with the presence of concrete or arbonaceous shells in these tanks. In Ocean Tank, a calcium leaching rate of 6.7 kg/month was calculated. Continuous formation of white carbonaceous precipitates serves as a sink for magnesium in Ocean Tank, and a magnesium removal rate of 5.1 kg/month was calculated. These and other results show that concentrations of major ions in artificial seawater aquaria are affected by leaching, precipitation and addition of food supplements, and these factors should be taken into account when preparing artificial seawater for aquarium tanks with long water residence time. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Lithium chloride solution as an extraction agent for soils

The author proposes the extraction of mobile (”︁available”) ions including heavy metals by means of a 0.4 M solution of LiCl. The accuracy and precision of the method are demonstrated and the results compared with the CaCl₂ and BaCl₂ extraction. The suspension pH of non-calcareous samples remains almost constant during LiCl-extraction but changes considerably with NH₄NO₃- and NH₄-acetate. The results of the LiCl- and the CaCl₂-extraction were closely correlated. The same was true for the relative cation distribution on the sorption complex compared to the BaCl₂-extraction. A series of arguments emphasize and substantiate the advantages of the use of neutral salts, especially LiCl, for extraction.     

富啡酸对潮褐土吸附重金属离子的影响

采用平衡吸附法,研究了不同浓度的富啡酸(FA)对土壤吸附重金属离子(Cu2 、Cd2 、Pb2 )的影响。结果表明,潮褐土对富啡酸的吸附作用很强;潮褐土对富啡酸的吸附随pH的升高先缓慢增大后迅速下降;潮褐土对重金属离子的吸附随pH的升高而增大,且在低pH值下,富啡酸促进潮褐土对Cu2 、Cd2 、Pb2 的吸附和Pb2 的次级吸附,抑制对Cu2 、Cd2 的次级吸附;在高pH值下,富啡酸抑制土壤对Cu2 的吸附和次级吸附,而促进Cd2 和Pb2 的吸附和次级吸附;在富啡酸浓度相同的条件下,潮褐土对重金属离子的吸附能力为:Pb2 >Cu2 >Cd2 。