Differences in Major Ions Composition of Artificial Seawater from Aquarium Tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium

Concentrations of major seawater ions were monitored in six aquarium tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium over a three-year period. The ratios of these ions to chlorinity were compared to those in freshly prepared artificial seawater. The largest aquarium tank (Ocean Tank) exhibits statistically significant (p<0.01) relative enrichment of potassium, calcium and strontium, and relative depletion of magnesium and sulphate. The likely source of excess potassium is from potassium iodide added to prevent goiter in sharks. Based on the excess potassium, a total amount of 650 μmol/kg iodide added over the years was calculated for the Ocean Tank. The excess calcium observed in several tanks correlates with the presence of concrete or arbonaceous shells in these tanks. In Ocean Tank, a calcium leaching rate of 6.7 kg/month was calculated. Continuous formation of white carbonaceous precipitates serves as a sink for magnesium in Ocean Tank, and a magnesium removal rate of 5.1 kg/month was calculated. These and other results show that concentrations of major ions in artificial seawater aquaria are affected by leaching, precipitation and addition of food supplements, and these factors should be taken into account when preparing artificial seawater for aquarium tanks with long water residence time. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Lithium chloride solution as an extraction agent for soils

The author proposes the extraction of mobile (”︁available”) ions including heavy metals by means of a 0.4 M solution of LiCl. The accuracy and precision of the method are demonstrated and the results compared with the CaCl₂ and BaCl₂ extraction. The suspension pH of non-calcareous samples remains almost constant during LiCl-extraction but changes considerably with NH₄NO₃- and NH₄-acetate. The results of the LiCl- and the CaCl₂-extraction were closely correlated. The same was true for the relative cation distribution on the sorption complex compared to the BaCl₂-extraction. A series of arguments emphasize and substantiate the advantages of the use of neutral salts, especially LiCl, for extraction.     

盐度对俄罗斯鲟幼鱼血清渗透压、离子含量及鳃丝 Na+/K+-ATP 酶活力的影响

研究了急性盐度胁迫对7月龄俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)幼鱼[体质量(86.1±18)g]鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力、血清渗透压和血清离子(Na+、K+、Cl-)的影响。结果表明:幼鱼从淡水直接转入盐度15、20、25水中,96h死亡率分别为72.22%、100%、100%,其他组(盐度0、5、10)无死亡。各盐度组96h血清渗透压、Na+、Cl-浓度随盐度升高而增加,且各盐度组显著高于对照组(P0.05),盐度15组最高,盐度5、10组间各指标不存在显著差异(P0.05)。盐度组血清K+离子在48h中较对照组均显著降低(P0.05),96h时有所回升但仍低于对照组,盐度15与盐度5、10相比血清K+离子有显著性差异(P0.05),盐度5、10之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。盐度组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力呈先下降后上升变化,48h为最低,与对照组有显著性差异(P0.05),96h时盐度5、10组鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力与对照组及组间无显著差异(P0.05),盐度15与对照组及盐度5、10均有显著差异(P0.05)。96h幼鱼的等渗点为303.2mOsm·kg-1,相当于盐度10.06,而Na+及Cl-等离子点分别为146.1mmol·L-1和136.8mmol·L-1,分别相当于盐度9.02和8.95。与盐度15组相比,盐度10及其以下处理组各项检测指标变化幅度相对较小,在幼鱼渗透调节范围之内,盐度10中养殖15d后各项指标与淡水组差异较小,因此7月龄俄罗斯鲟幼鱼已具备在盐度10及以下的咸水中生活的能力,但不能耐受高于10的盐度。     

基于土壤无机氮测试的优化施肥对冬小麦产量和农田氮平衡的影响

应用基于土壤无机氮测试的优化氮肥管理措施对冬小麦进行氮肥管理,比较了优化施氮处理与传统施氮处理在拔节期的作物氮素营养状况、收获期的作物产量效应和对农田氮平衡的影响。结果表明：优化施氮处理的产量（6217kg／hm^2）与传统施氮处理产量（6223kg／hm^2）间差异不大,但较传统施氮处理节省氮肥40％,氮肥利用率从传统施氮的31％提高到优化施氮处理的50．6％。同时收获后优化施氮处理的土壤中的无机氮残留量（90kg／hm^2）远小于传统施氮处理（176kg／hm^2）,氮素表观损失量从传统施氮的82kg／hm^2减少到40kg／hm^2。     

尼罗罗非鱼淀粉酶性质的初步研究

研究了尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)肝脏淀粉酶的基本性质及金属离子对该鱼淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明:罗非鱼淀粉酶活力的最适pH是6.5,最适底物浓度是2%。研究金属离子对该鱼淀粉酶活力影响,一价金属离子K+、Li+、Na+对酶活力影响较小;二价金属离子Cu2+对酶活力具有抑制作用,Zn2+对酶活力无明显影响;三价金属离子Al3+对酶活力具有抑制作用,但效果不是很强烈,Fe3+对酶活力具有明显的激活作用;碱土金属Mg2+、Ca2+对淀粉酶活性有激活作用,而Ba2+对酶具有抑制作用;重金属离子Cd2+、Pb2+有明显的抑制作用。     

盐碱胁迫下黑麦草生长及离子微区分布特征

盐碱生境通过离子毒害和渗透胁迫等抑制植物的生长发育。离子微区分布调控主要通过调整盐分在不同部位的分布来减轻Na⁺等高浓度离子对重要组织器官的毒害作用,是盐碱胁迫下植物生存的重要策略之一。为探究黑麦草在盐碱胁迫下的离子微区分布特征,本研究通过水培法,采用不同盐碱浓度(0、50、100、200 mmol·L^-1)培养液处理黑麦草植株,考察其生长、离子吸收、运输选择性和微区分布变化,揭示黑麦草对盐碱胁迫的适应机制。结果表明:1) 盐碱胁迫下,植株的相对含水率、叶绿素含量逐渐降低,电解质外渗率显著升高;当盐碱浓度大于100 mmol·L^-1时,根长、株高和生物量均显著降低,即黑麦草的耐盐阈值是100~200 mmol·L^-1;2) 盐碱浓度为50 mmol·L^-1时,植株根中K⁺/Na⁺较空白升高了48.3%,Ca²⁺/Na⁺升高了54.1%,说明黑麦草根部可通过增强K⁺、Ca²⁺的吸收来维持细胞渗透压并缓解高浓度Na⁺的毒性;3) 在50~200 mmol·L^-1的盐碱浓度下,黑麦草叶片中可溶性组分及细胞壁中Na⁺的相对含量较对照显著增加,但细胞器内Na⁺的相对含量降低,说明叶部将Na⁺富集在液泡和细胞壁中,以减少Na⁺对细胞器的毒害作用;4) 叶片微观结构的SEM电镜图片显示,盐碱胁迫下叶片表皮增厚、导管数量减少和孔径缩小。综上所述,盐碱胁迫下黑麦草不同器官的适应机理不同,根部主要通过强化K⁺、Ca²⁺的吸收,降低对Na⁺的吸收,并将Na⁺区隔化在液泡中以降低离子毒害和维持渗透调节,而叶片主要通过将Na⁺区隔在液泡及细胞壁中,以及微观结构的变化来保护细胞器免受离子毒害。本研究可为黑麦草的耐盐碱适应机制及其在盐碱土上的种植提供理论依据。     

离子辐射育种研究进展

本文重点介绍能量为(MeVu)级离子辐射的生物效应和离子辐射育种研究的国内外现状,以及作者在该领域中的初步研究结果,简述了低能离子束(几十keV)在辐射育种研究中遇到的一些问题。     

水化学分析方法在水电工程勘探中

水电工程有限的勘察及水文地质钻探仅能获取少量水文地质信息，而在工程勘察特别是平硐中，易取得出水点的水样，通过水化学分析可以获得更多的水文地质资料。通过对四川省自一里水电站平硐出水点水化学样的系列采集和测试，运用水化学成分离子比例分析法、灰色关联分析法和D、18O同位素分析等多种方法提取了平硐区水文地质信息，分析了山区平硐裂隙水的来源、补给高度及岩层渗透性等水文地质特征，探讨了水化学分析方法在分析水电工程水文地质条件中的应用。     

土壤水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演模型及验证

土壤水溶性盐基离子是诊断土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的重要依据,利用光谱技术快速获取土壤水溶性盐基离子含量数据,可为土壤盐渍化类型与盐渍化程度的诊断提供新的技术和手段。该研究通过采集新疆5个不同地区399个土样的反射率与水溶性盐基离子数据并进行31种光谱预处理方法,分析了不同水溶性盐基离子(HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+)与高光谱反射率之间的相关性;采用K-S(Kennard-Stone)方法挑选出299个样品,针对每种离子使用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)分别建立32个高光谱定量反演模型,优选最佳反演模型,并单独使用100个样品对估测模型进行检验。结果表明:不同离子的最佳反演模型所使用的预处理方法存在差异,其中仅有Cl-和Ca2+、SO42-和Mg2+所使用的预处理方法相同,其他离子则不同;不同离子的反演精度也不同,HCO3-和Ca2+构建的模型相对分析误差(relative percent deviation,RPD)分别为2.67、2.57,模型具有很好的预测能力。Cl-、SO42-和Mg2+所构建的模型RPD分别为2.05、2.10和2.14,表明这三者建立的模型具有较好的预测能力。K+建立的模型RPD仅为1.11,不能对样品进行预测。Na+构建的模型RPD为1.83,表明该离子所建模型只能对样品进行粗略估测。研究结果为探究水溶性盐基离子的高光谱反演增添了新的内容,为土壤盐渍化监测的深入和推进提供了新的思路和方法。     

Salt‐Induced Regulation of Some Key Antioxidant Enzymes and Physio‐Biochemical Phenomena in Five Diverse Cultivars of Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to examine the differential morpho‐physiological responses of five cultivars of turnip (Brassica rapa L.) to salt stress. Five diverse cultivars of turnip (shaljum desi surakh, shaljum purple top, shaljum golden bal, neela shaljum, and peela shaljum) were subjected for 6 weeks to varying levels of NaCl, i.e. 0, 80 and 160 mm in Hoagland’s nutrient solution in sand culture. Imposition of varying levels of salt substantially decreased shoot and root fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll contents, leaf osmotic potential, relative water contents, different gas exchange attributes, total phenolics, malondialdehyde, activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase catalase, and leaf and root K⁺ levels while enhanced the proline contents, membrane permeability, level of H₂O₂, leaf and root Na⁺ and Cl^? and leaf Ca²⁺ in all turnip cultivars under study. Of all cultivars, peela shaljum and neela shaljum were consistently higher in their growth than the other turnip cultivars at all salt concentrations of the growth medium. Photosynthetic capacity (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were higher in high biomass‐producing cultivars, i.e. peela shaljum and neela shaljum, which provide to be potential selection criteria of salt tolerance in turnip. However, the regulation of antioxidant system was cultivar‐specific under saline conditions.